Key terms 1

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Luke Partnership 2009 1

Translating

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In the Bible, there are many words that have special importance.

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What words below have special importance? 25

On one occasion an expert in the law stood up to test Jesus. Teacher, he asked, what must I do to inherit eternal life?

Luke 10:25-27

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What words below have special importance? 25

On one occasion an expert in the law stood up to test Jesus. Teacher, he asked, what must I do to inherit eternal life?

Luke 10:25-27

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What words below have special importance? 25

On one occasion an expert in the law stood up to test Jesus. Teacher, he asked, what must I do to inherit eternal life? What is written in the Law? he replied. How do you read it?

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Luke 10:25-27

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What words below have special importance? 25

On one occasion an expert in the law stood up to test Jesus. Teacher, he asked, what must I do to inherit eternal life? What is written in the Law? he replied. How do you read it?

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Luke 10:25-27

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What words below have special importance? 25

On one occasion an expert in the law stood up to test Jesus. Teacher, he asked, what must I do to inherit eternal life? What is written in the Law? he replied. How do you read it? He answered: Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength and with all your mind; and, Love your neighbor as yourself. Luke 10:25-27 8

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What words below have special importance? 25

On one occasion an expert in the law stood up to test Jesus. Teacher, he asked, what must I do to inherit eternal life? What is written in the Law? he replied. How do you read it? He answered: Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength and with all your mind; and, Love your neighbor as yourself. Luke 10:25-27 9

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We call these special words

Key Biblical Terms

What are some other examples of key biblical terms? 10

All ideas in Scripture

Unknown ideas

snow wine denarius rudder

Key biblical terms

Son of man eternal grace life high priest the glory Law sanctification Lord holy 11

Key Biblical Terms Refer to Jewish ideas and customs synagogue, Sabbath, Temple

Refer to Christian teaching and practices baptism, apostle, resurrection

Have special meaning in the context of Scripture, of theological importance Son of man, salvation, kingdom of God 12

Key Biblical Terms Some terms have the same meaning in all contexts synagogue Sabbath Holy Spirit apostle

Other terms have different meanings in different contexts flesh spirit grace Law

(We will discuss these terms later)

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A five step procedure for translating Key Biblical Terms

1. Study the meaning 2. Compare with similar words

2. Think of possible solutions

3. Choose the most appropriate term 5. Test your choice

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synagogue Looking it up in the Key Biblical Terms book The synagogue was a building where Jews met together to hear the Scriptures and to pray to God. The synagogue was the main center for religious activity. It was also a meeting place for other community activities such as court cases and education of children. 15

synagogue Looking it up in the Key Biblical Terms book In New Testament times there was a synagogue in every town and village in Israel. There were also synagogues in other countries wherever there were ten or more Jewish men.

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synagogue Looking it up in the Bible Dictionary The synagogue served a threefold purpose of worship, education and government of the civil life of the community. Subject to the law of the land, the synagogue had its own government. (The New Bible Dictionary, IVP) 17

synagogue Looking it up in the Bible Dictionary The importance of the synagogue for Judaism cannot be over-estimated. More than any other institution it gave character to the Jewish faith. (The New Bible Dictionary, IVP) It was in the synagogue that the Jewish people learnt how to interpret the Law of Moses. 18

synagogue Study the meaning by looking up the different occurrences Luk 4:15 He taught in their synagogues, and Luk 4:28 All the people in the synagogue were Luk 4:33

Luk 4:38 Luk 4:44 Luk 6:6 Luk 7:5 Luk 8:41

furious In the synagogue there was a man possessed by Jesus left the synagogue and went to he kept on preaching in the synagogues of Judea he went into the synagogue and was teaching... he loves our nation and has built our synagogue a man named Jairus, a ruler of the synagogue

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Sabbath Hebrew: shabbat Looking it up in the Key Biblical Terms book The Sabbath is the name of the seventh and last day of the week. It was the day on which the Jews rested from their work, just as God rested on the seventh day after creating the world. It corresponds to the twenty-four hour period from Friday sunset to Saturday sunset.

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Sabbath Hebrew: shabbat Looking it up in the Bible Dictionary In the Bible the principle is laid down that one day in seven is to be observed as a day holy to God. From the reason given for keeping the Sabbath day in the Ten Commandments we learn that the example for the Sabbath rest had been set by God himself in the creation. The Sabbath therefore is a creation ordinance. (The New Bible Dictionary, IVP) 21

Sabbath Hebrew: shabbat Looking it up in the Concordance Exo 16:23 Exo 16:25 Exo 16:26 Exo 16:29 Exo 20:8 Exo 20:10 Exo 20:11 Exo 31:13

is to be a day of rest, a holy Sabbath to the LORD. because today is a Sabbath to the LORD. on the seventh day, the Sabbath, there will not the LORD has given you the Sabbath Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy. seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God. LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy. You must observe my Sabbaths.

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How to translate Key Biblical Terms

1. Study the meaning

2. Compare with similar words

3. Think of possible solutions 4. Choose the most appropriate term 5. Test your choice

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Compare with similar words Example 1 What other ideas in the Bible are similar in meaning to synagogue?

Tabernacle

Temple 24

In what way are the meanings of these words the same? synagogue

Tabernacle Temple These are all structures used by the Jewish people for worship and other religious purposes

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In what way are the meanings of these words different? synagogue Tabernacle Temple

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Compare with similar words a. What happens in them is different synagogue a.

Tabernacle

Temple

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Compare with similar words a. Different things happen there synagogue a. people read the

Tabernacle people offered animal sacrifices

Temple people offered animal sacrifices

Scriptures and prayed

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Compare with similar words b. What the Jewish people understand about the presence of God in that place synagogue a. people read the

Tabernacle

Temple

Scriptures and prayed

people offered animal sacrifices

people offered animal sacrifices

b.

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Compare with similar words b. Gods presence synagogue a. people read the

Tabernacle people offered animal sacrifices God was present in a special way

Temple people offered animal sacrifices God was present in a special way

Scriptures and prayed present in a special way

b. God was not

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Compare with similar words c. Whether the structure was moveable or not synagogue a. people read the

Tabernacle

Temple

Scriptures and prayed

people offered animal sacrifices God present in a special way

people offered animal sacrifices God present in a special way

b. God not present

in a special way

c.

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Compare with similar words c. Whether it was moveable or not synagogue a. people read the

Tabernacle people offered animal sacrifices God present in a special way Temporary, was moved from place to place

Temple people offered animal sacrifices God present in a special way Permanent, in one location

Scriptures and prayed

b. God not present

in a special way one location

c. Permanent, in

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Compare with similar words d. Whether there was only one, or whether there was many synagogue a. people read the

Tabernacle people offered animal sacrifices God present in a special way Temporary, was moved from place to place

Temple people offered animal sacrifices God present in a special way Permanent, in one location

Scriptures and prayed

b. God not present

in a special way one location

c. Permanent, in

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Compare with similar words d. One or many synagogue a. people read the

Tabernacle

Temple

Scriptures and prayed

people offered animal sacrifices God present in a special way temporary one

people offered animal sacrifices God present in a special way permanent one 34

b. God not present

in a special way

c. permanent d. many

Compare with similar words Example 2 What other words in the Bible are similar in meaning to apostle?

prophet disciple 35

In what way are the meanings of these words the same? apostle prophet disciple These are all people with a religious function

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In what way are the meanings of these words different? apostle

prophet disciple

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Compare with similar words a. What kind of people filled this role? apostle a.

disciple

prophet

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Compare with similar words a. What kind of people filled this role? apostle a. People appointed by

disciple

prophet

Jesus; includes the Twelve and a few others such as Paul

people who followed Jesus

People appointed by God; includes Elijah, Isaiah and others

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Compare with similar words b. Work apostle a.

disciple

prophet

People appointed by Jesus; includes the Twelve and a few others such as Paul

people who followed Jesus

People appointed by God; includes Elijah, Isaiah and others

b.

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Compare with similar words b. What kind of work did they do? apostle a.

disciple people who followed Jesus

prophet People appointed by God; includes Elijah, Isaiah and others spoke Gods message to the people

People appointed by Jesus; includes the Twelve and a few others such as Paul

b. appointed as his

representatives and leaders of the church

not appointed for any specific work

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Compare with similar words b. The period of time when these people lived apostle a.

disciple people who followed Jesus

prophet appointed by God; includes Elijah, Isaiah and others

appointed by Jesus; the Twelve disciples whom Jesus chose (Luke 6:12-16) & a few others such as Paul

b.

Jesus appointed not appointed to these men to fill a special represent him and to leadership role lead the church new churches

spoke special messages on behalf of God, as God directed

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Compare with similar words b. The period of time when these people lived apostle a.

disciple

prophet

appointed by Jesus; the Twelve disciples whom Jesus chose (Luke 6:12-16) & a few others such as Paul Jesus appointed these men to represent him and to lead the church new churches

people who followed Jesus

appointed by God; includes Elijah, Isaiah and others

b.

not appointed to fill a special leadership role

spoke special messages on behalf of God, as God directed

c.

New Testament time

New Testament time

Old and New Testament times 43

How to translate Key Biblical Terms

1. Study the meaning

2. Compare with similar words

3. Think of possible solutions 4. Choose the most appropriate term 5. Test your choice

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Think of possible solutions Remember the ways of translating unknown ideas Use a descriptive phrase Substitute something similar that is known to the receptor language speakers Use a word from another language

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More about foreign words A word that has been borrowed from another language and is widely used in the new receptor language may be called a borrowed word. Borrowed words are understood by speakers of the new receptor language, even if they do not speak the language from which the word was borrowed So borrowed words are acceptable in a translation 46

More about foreign words A foreign word is one that is not known and used by speakers of the receptor language. Foreign words do not communicate meaning. They should be avoided, if possible. If it is really necessary to use a foreign word, find ways to teach the meaning.

a descriptive phrase or a general word A footnote a glossary entry 47

Remember this example? John went into the hotel and sat down. He took up the menu and began to choose what he would eat. The choice was between tim-sam and salad, or laksa, or gado-gado, or something called escargots.

He had decided to order laksa with a cup of coffee when he saw Kim Sai enter the restaurant. She was wearing a song-sam and holding a wok in her hand. 48

Think of possible solutions How would we express synagogue using a descriptive phrase? a house for teaching Gods laws a meeting place of the Jews

a church of the Jews a prayer house of the Jews 49

Think of possible solutions How would we express Sabbath using a descriptive phrase? a resting day of the Jews a day for worshipping God God's holy day

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How to translate Key Biblical Terms

1. Study the meaning

2. Compare with similar words

3. Think of possible solutions 4. Choose the most appropriate term 5. Test your choice

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Choose the most appropriate term

How well will non-Christians understand the proposed word or phrase? Does the proposed term focus on the most important part of the meaning of the original term? Does the proposed term include any meaning which is contrary to the meaning of the original term? 52

Take into account

Other versions Consider the way in which the term is translated in any meaning-based versions of the Bible used in the area For example, versions in the national language or related languages

Denominational viewpoints

The translator must translate accurately However, when there is room for different interpretations, avoid using words that would offend any denomination in the area. 53

Take into account

Views expressed by church leaders and others Any strongly held local feelings Input from the translation committee and the translation consultant When appropriate, the final decision should be made by the committee

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How to translate Key Biblical Terms

1. Study the meaning

2. Compare with similar words

3. Think of possible solutions 4. Choose the most appropriate term 5. Test your choice

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Test the key terms to see if they communicate the meaning

What do non-Christians understand when they hear this term? What do Christians understand it to mean? Is this term acceptable to church leaders and to others? 56

Test the key terms to see if they communicate the meaning

When there is disagreement Go slowly in making a decision

Keep an open mind Give people an opportunity to express their views

Prayer and reasoned discussion will result in right decisions and in friendly agreement 57

Key terms list

Prepare a list of the proposed terms so that these can be studied by reviewers and other church leaders This gives people an opportunity to make suggestions When agreement has been reached

the list can be distributed to preachers, teachers and interpreters so that everyone can use the term consistently 58

To translate Key Biblical Terms Remember

1. Study the meaning 2. Compare with similar words 3. Think of possible solutions 4. Choose the most appropriate term 5. Test your choice

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