MAP — Modular Aggregation of Principles for Bible Translation

Extracted text from KeyTerms3-Review.ppt:

Review Key Biblical Terms that occur frequently in the gospels

Remember Key Biblical Terms are unknown ideas that refer to Jewish ideas and customs synagogue, Sabbath, Temple refer to Christian teaching and practices baptism, apostle, resurrection refer to new ideas which have theological importance Son of Man, salvation, Kingdom of God 2

To translate Key Biblical Terms Remember 1. Study the meaning 2. Compare with similar words 3. Think of possible solutions 4. Choose the most appropriate term 5. Test your choice 3

To translate Key Biblical Terms You may translate Key Biblical Terms using: a descriptive phrase a substitute - something similar that is known in the receptor culture

a foreign word 4

About using foreign words Avoid using foreign words When it is really necessary to use a foreign word, consider: including an explanation the first time the word occurs including a glossary entry

including a footnote 5

Sets of words It is helpful to consider key words in groups. For example: Titles for people with religious functions Buildings which have a religious function Divine names

How you translate one term may affect how you translate related ideas 6

People who have a special religious function prophet - one who speaks messages on behalf of God priest - one whose job was to make sacrifices to God on behalf of the people chief priests High Priest scribe - teacher of the laws of Moses

Pharisee a member of a special party who observed the laws of Moses strictly. Some scribes were Pharisees, but some belonged to the party of Sadduccees. Some Pharisees were not scribes. disciple any follower of Jesus Christ apostle -an appointed representative or ambassador of Jesus Christ 7

Spiritual beings angel - messenger of God Angel differs from apostle in that an angel is a supernatural messenger

evil spirit, unclean spirit, demon These are alternative names for the same beings

Satan, the Devil, also referred to as Beelzebul and the chief of demons Be careful to distinguish between the Devil (Satan) and a devil (an evil spirit, demon, spirit who followed Satan)

Names for Divine beings God Holy Spirit - Spirit of God the Messiah, the Christ (as a title), the Saviour/King God promised to send Luke 2:11, 9:20 the Lord -referring to God; in the Old Testament LORD, YAHWEH (the holy name of God himself)

the Lordreferring to Jesus Christ the Son of Man a special title for Jesus Christ 9

Forms of address to Jesus The form of address that people to use is significant. The most common forms are:

Teacher (Greek didaskalos), similar to Rabbi used to address a respected religious teacher Master (Greek epistata), similar to Sir, a term of strong respect (as to a boss), used mostly by Peter and other disciples in the early chapters of Luke Sir (Greek kurios), English translation of kurios in contexts where the person speaking does not yet realise that Jesus is divine Lord (Greek kurios), used by those who recognize Jesus as a divine person 10

Places of worship the Temple (Greek hieron) the House of God, a unique and beautiful building in Jerusalem, with courtyards, where God was present in a special way The Sanctuary (Greek naos) the inner part of the Temple, the Holy of Holies, where Gods presence was centered the Tabernacle -Tent of God similar to Temple but a movable tent, not a building synagogue - meeting house, house of prayer. In the time of Jesus, there was a synagogue in every town. Church does not occur in the Bible to refer to a building. But the word used today for a church building should also be taken into account, especially in deciding how to translate synagogue. 11

Other key biblical terms Gospel - Good News from God, Message about Salvation, Good News about Jesus Christ Scripture(s) - Gods Book, Gods Writing cross, to crucify if possible, focus on the function (e.g. tree/boards of death) rather than only the form Kingdom of God - God and his people in relationship, the community of those who recognize God as King, Gods kingship/chieftaincy, present and growing in this world, to be fully revealed when Christ returns. NOT primarily a place, NOT equivalent to heaven. Kingdom of Heaven is an alternative expression for the Kingdom of God, used mostly in the Gospel of Matthew. The Jews avoided mentioning the name of God directly. It is often best to translate both terms in the same way, Kingdom of God.

Make a glossary Test the terms you have chosen

Revise them as you learn how people understand them. Observe the use of key terms in other contexts in Scripture especially when there is more than one sense

Supplement the translation by a glossary entry that explains the meaning more fully. 13

Testing key terms Test the key terms well. Find out how people understand them. Discuss key terms with the review committee and with other church leaders.

Make a list of the most frequent terms Give it to church leaders so that teachers and preachers can begin to use the terms consistently.

Make sure all translators have a copy of the list 14

Key terms are important! Translate key terms meaningfully

Remember: Study the original meaning Compare with similar words Think of possible solutions Choose the most appropriate term Test your choice

Keep your list of key terms updated 15

Extracted text from KeyTerms-Shell-LukeAndJesusFilm.doc:

Key terms in the Gospels of Mark and Luke and the JESUS Film Language:

...................................

By clicking on a word in the index below, you can jump directly to the entry for that word. (In Windows XP use <Ctrl> and click.) Then clicking on the left arrow in the toolbar at the top of the screen will bring you back to the index. The explanations in this document are brief and cover only the main points of the meaning. For a more detailed discussion of each term, see Key Biblical Terms (on Translators Workplace). For many words it may be helpful to include a fuller explanation of the meaning of the term in a glossary at the back of the book (or in the introduction). The blank column provides a place where the translator can record his tentative translation of the term with possible alternatives. 1. NAMES FOR PEOPLE WITH A RELIGIOUS FUNCTION IN THE NEW TESTAMENT ................................................................................................................................................... 4 apostle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 disciple, follower ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 prophet ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 priest .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 High Priest .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 chief priests ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Council, Sanhedrin .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 teacher of the law, scribe .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Expert in the law, lawyer .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Levite ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10 Pharisees and Sadducees .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11 2. NAMES AND TITLES FOR DIVINE BEINGS (REFERRING TO GOD, JESUS CHRIST, AND THE HOLY SPIRIT) ........................................................................................................ 11 God .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 LORD/ YHWH (in the Old Testament) ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 13 Lord, referring to God, in the New Testament .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14 Lord, referring to Jesus..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Lord, as a term of address to Jesus................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Teacher, as a term referring to or addressed to Jesus ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Master translating epistata ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 This Greek word is used only in the Gospel of Luke and is a term of respect used by various disciples to address Jesus, especially in the earlier chapters of Luke. (Later in the gospel, the disciples address Jesus mainly by the term kurie Lord.) The meaning and use of this term is similar to that of didaskalos teacher (see above). ... 15 Christ, Messiah ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16 {Greek: christos, messias} ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 16 the Holy One of God ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17

In this usage, the Greek word hagios has the sense one who is consecrated or dedicated to the service of God, or the one sent from God. Therefore this phrase the Holy One of God has the sense or meaning, Gods chosen person OR the one who came from God .................................................................................................... 17 Saviour .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 17 {Greek str} ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 The Greek word str means a deliverer, one who rescues a person or a nation from a serious danger. The danger may be either physical or spiritual. .......................... 17 Son of God ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Son of Man ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 18 Holy Spirit ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 3. NAMES FOR OTHER SPIRIT BEINGS IN THE NEW TESTAMENT ........................................................................................................................................................................... 19 angel .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 20 evil spirit............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21 Satan, the Devil ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 22 4. BUILDINGS OR SHELTERS WITH A RELIGIOUS FUNCTION .................................................................................................................................................................................. 23 Tabernacle......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Temple ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 synagogue .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 church ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 25 5. MESSAGES, COMMUNICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 26 commandment(s) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26 Law, Laws ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Scriptures, the writings, the Bible ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 gospel, good news ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 28 The word (of God) ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 29 6. OTHER KEY TERMS IN THE GOSPELS OF MARK AND LUKE .............................................................................................................................................................................. 29 baptize, baptism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 30 John the Baptizer............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 covenant ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 31 emperor, Caesar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 32 king, reign (as king) .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 tetrarch .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 33 governor ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 33 Kingdom of God ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 34 miracle, miraculous........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35 Passover, festival............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36 2

prophesy ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 36 repent................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 37 sin(s), to sin ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37 forgive, forgiveness ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Jew, Israel, Hebrew........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Gentile ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39 tax collector ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39 taxes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 40 tithe .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 40 worship .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 40 Sabbath .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 41 cross, crucify ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41 live (eternally), life ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 42 save, salvation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43 7. WORDS THAT HAVE MULTIPLE SENSES (THAT MAY NEED TO BE TRANSLATED IN DIFFERENT WAYS IN DIFFERENT CONTEXTS) ............................................................................ 44 altar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44 anoint................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 45 believe in (someone), faith ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 46 bless ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47 body ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48 cleanse, clean .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 49 fellowship .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50 flesh ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50 glory .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 50 grace .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 51 holy .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 51 soul, life ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 52 spirit , self, life (of a person) ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 52 spirit of a (dead) person, ghost ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53 TRANSLITERATION GUIDE ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 54

1. Names for people with a religious function in the New Testament Key term apostle {Greek: apostolos} aptre Compare also angel below Different senses, notes The Greek word apostolos refers to an appointed representative or ambassador; one who is chosen by someone and sent out to act with the authority of the sender. In the New Testament, this term usually refers to the appointed representatives of Jesus Christ, namely the twelve disciples whom Jesus chose and appointed to be with him and to go out to preach and heal. When it has this reference, the term is translated in English as apostle. In addition, Paul and two or three others are also specifically referred to as apostles in the Book of Acts. Paul also uses this term apostle to refer to himself in other books of the NT. An apostle is more authoritative than a messenger in that an apostle has been given authority by the one who sent him to act on his behalf, while a messenger simply carries a message. Translation and back-translation References in Mark & Luke Mark 6:30 Luke 6:13; 9:10;

JF LOOP 93, 94, 134

11:49; 17:5; 22:14; 24:10

disciple, follower {Greek: mathts} disciple Be careful to distinguish between the words apostle and disciple

Disciple refers to all followers of Jesus, those who listened to his teaching and committed themselves to following him and learning from him. In the gospels the word is used to refer to the twelve men whom Jesus chose (Luke 8:9, 22) but it also refers frequently to others who believed Jesus and followed his teachings (Luke 14:26). It is not used only of the twelve men that Jesus chose, Different words are therefore needed to refer to disciple and apostle. Apostle is used only to refer to the twelve men who were given special authority by Jesus and were sent out by him. Disciple refers to all who believed in and followed Jesus. The term disciple is also used more generally to refer to anyone who listens to the teaching of a particular leader and follows his teaching. John the Baptizer had disciples (Mark 2:18, Luke 7:18), as also did the Pharisees (Luke 5:33).

Mark 2:15, 16, 18, 23; 3:7, 9; 4:34; 5:31; 6:1, 29, 35, 45; 7:2, 5, 17; 8:1, 4, 27, 33, 34; 9:14, 18, 28, 31; 10:10, 13, 23, 24, 46; 11:1, 14; 12:43; 13:1; 14:12-16, 32; 16:7 Luke 5:30, 33; 6:1, 13, 17, 20, 40; 7:11, 18-19; 8:9, 22; 9:14, 16, 18, 40, 43, 54; 10:23; 11:1; 12:1, 22; 14:26-27, 33; 16:1; 17:1, 22; 18:1, 15; 19:29, 37, 39; 20:45; 21:5; 22:11, 39, 45

2, 93, 95, 133, 134, 138, 156, 171, 176, 184, 191, 193, 195-6, 204, 262, 273, 306Q, 319, 319B, 322, 329, 374, 424, 429B, 439,

prophet {Greek: prophts} prophte

This term refers to a person who is chosen by God to speak messages to people on his behalf, Such messages included warnings from God and instructions for the people. They sometimes included telling about future events, but were not limited to the telling of future events. In the Old Testament, a prophet was chosen by God to tell special messages to the people of Israel. God revealed his messages to the prophet, and the prophet was responsible to deliver the message. Prophets in the Old Testament include Abraham, Samuel, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel and others. In the book of Acts, the ability to prophesy is one of the gifts given by the Holy Spirit to certain people. The Spirit gave them the power to speak messages from God. See 1 Corinthians 14:7. A false prophet is one who claimed to be a prophet of God but in fact was not. The messages of false prophets were deceptive and brought confusion. Such people claimed to speak Gods message but spoke lies. False prophets are mentioned in both the Old and New Testaments.

Mark 1:2; 6:4, 15; 8:28; 11:32; 13:22 Luke 1:70, 76; 3:4; 4:17, 24, 27; 6:23, 26; 7:16, 26, 39; 9:8, 19; 10:24; 11:47-50; 13:28, 33-34; 16:16, 29, 31; 18:31; 20:6; 24:19, 25, 27, 44

28, 30, 56, 64, 97, 103, 126, 178, 188, 230, 248, 260, 284, 409B, 437

priest {Greek: hiereus} prtre

The primary role of the priests was to make sacrifices to God in the Tabernacle (before the building of the Temple), or later in the Temple, on behalf of the people. The people brought their animals to be sacrificed and the priests performed the ritual of offering them to God. Thus the priests stood as an intermediary between the people and God and communicated with God on behalf of the people. Caution: The role of priests in the New Testament was quite different from that of a priest in the church today. So care must be taking in using terms that are already in use to refer to modern day priests. Make sure that the meaning and association of the term you choose matches with the role and function of priests in the Bible. Since the primary function of the priests was to offer sacrifices, a term such as sacrificer or person offering sacrifices should be considered.

Mark 1:44; 2:26 Luke 1:5, 8, 9; 5:14; 6:4; 10:31; 17:14

237

High Priest {Greek: archiereus}

The High Priest, like all priests, was a descendant of Aaron. He was also the leader of the Sanhedrin, the Jewish council of religious leaders. Thus he was a very important person in the Sanhedrin. It was the duty of the High Priest to enter the Holiest Place in the Temple once a year to sprinkle the blood of a sacrifice on the altar. He did this on behalf of the people of Israel so that they could be forgiven for their sins. There was (usually) only one High Priest at a time. (Annas and Caiaphas served at the same time and so were an exception to the normal pattern.) In Greek the term used to refer to the high priest was the same as for the chief priests (see below). However, the High Priest was distinguished by using the singular, rather than the plural form of the word. It is may be best to use distinct terms in the translation to avoid confusion between the High Priest and the chief priests, who were a larger, more mixed group (just as in English different terms are used for High Priest and chief priest, although the Greek word is the same.

Mark 2:26; 14:47, 53, 54, 60, 61, 63, 66 Luke 3:2; 22:50, 54

28, 330, 331B,

chief priests {Greek: archiereis}

The chief priests were the leading priests of the time. They included former High Priests as well as other priests who had administrative roles in the Temple, and sometimes other members of priestly families, such as relatives of the High Priest.

Mark 8:31; 10:33; 11:18, 27; 14:1, 10, 43, 53, 55; 15:1, 3, 10, 11, 31 Luke 9:22; 19:47; 20:1, 19; 22:2, 4, 52, 66; 23:4, 10, 13; 24:20

270B, 276

Council, Sanhedrin {Greek: sunedrion}

The Sanhedrin was the council of chief priests and important religious leaders who were the governing body of the Jewish people in both religious and civil affairs. At the time of Jesus, Israel was ruled by the Emperor of Rome, so the Sanhedrin was under the control of the Roman Governor. Sanhedrin is a transliteration of the Greek term. Some translations prefer to use a meaningful term such as Council. A glossary entry will probably be needed.

Mark 13:9; 14:55; 15:1 Luke 22:66; 23:50

319, 349, 350, 420

teacher of the law, scribe {Greek: grammateus}

These were people who knew the Law of Moses well. In the time of Jesus, their primary function was to teach these laws to others. Many versions translate this term as teacher of the Law or teacher of the Law of Moses. Do not use a word that means writer. Although this is the historical origin of the word scribe in English, writing the law was not the primary function of this group of people in the time of Jesus, and it would be misleading to translate in that way. Another word with the same meaning is the Greek word nomodidaskalos, which occurs only in Luke 5:17.

Mark 1:22; 2:6, 16; 3:22; 7:1, 5; 8:31; 9:11, 14; 10:33; 11:18, 27; 12:28, 32, 35, 38; 14:1, 43, 53; 15:1, 31 Luke 5:21, 30; 6:7; 9:22; 11:53; 15:2; 19:47; 20:1, 19, 39, 46; 22:2, 66; 23:10

Compare also expert in the law below.

Expert in the law, lawyer {Greek: nomikos}

The Greek word nomikos refers to an expert in the Law of Moses. It is very close in meaning to scribe (i.e, teacher of the law) and may be translated in the same way.

Luke 7:30; 10:25, 37; 11:45, 46, 52; 14:3

Levite {Greek: Leuits}

Levite means a descendant of Levi. Levi was one of the twelve sons of Jacob (Jacob was also called Israel).The twelve sons of Jacob became the founders of the twelve tribes (or clans) of the people of Israel. Among the descendants of Levi were Moses and Aaron. Aaron was appointed by God to serve as High Priest in the Tabernacle, and all priests were appointed from the descendants of Aaron. All the other descendants of Levi were called Levites. The duties of the Levites included being the Temple musicians, preparing the Book of the Law for reading, cleaning the Temple, and taking care of the sacred objects in the Temple (These duties are listed in the following passages: Numbers 1:27-53;3:5-10; Deuteronomy 10:8,9; 1 Chronicles 23:24-32). In New Testament times the Levites no longer received tithes from the people of Israel. They served in the Temple by doing menial tasks and were not equal to priests in status or function. In Luke 10:32, in order to understand the significance of this story, the audience needs to know that the Levites had a special ministry as servants in the Temple. This information should be provided, perhaps in a footnote or in brackets in the text.

Luke 10:32

Pharisees and Sadducees {Greek: pharisaios, saddoukaios}

The Pharisees were a group of religious Jews who obeyed the Law of Moses very carefully. They were often from among the common people. They were careful to observe the details of rules such as doing no work on the Sabbath day and tithing their income. But their concern to obey the Law in every detail they sometimes obeyed only the form of the law, and so were often hypocritical. The Sadducees were another group of religious Jews. They were often from among the rich people. They also said that people should obey the Law of Moses very carefully. One difference between the Pharisees and the Sadducees was that Sadducees did not believe that those who died would live again after death.

Pharisee: Mark 2:16, 18, 24; 3:6; 7:1, 3, 5; 8:11, 15; 10:2; 12:13 Luke 5:17, 21, 30, 33; 6:2, 7; 7:30, 36-37, 39; 11:3739, 42-43, 53; 12:1; 13:31; 14:1, 3; 15:2; 16:14; 17:20; 18:10-11; 19:39 Sadduccee: Mark 12:18 Luke 10:27

71, 73,121, 261, 276

Names and titles for Divine Beings (referring to God, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit) Key term Different senses, notes Translation and back-translation References in Mark & Luke JF LOOP

God {Greek: theos}

Theos is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew word elohim. In the Bible it refers to the one true God, who created the whole universe and who has power over all things. In some situations, the word for God is already well established and accepted. Translators should check, however, that the term or name in use does not have wrong associations which make it unsuitable to refer to the Christian God. The term used should be one which is compatible with the fact that God has the following characteristics. He is a Spirit, he is supreme in power, he created the world, he is good all that he does is right, he is loving, kind and merciful towards people, he knows all things, and desires a relationship with human beings. If the translation of God is not yet resolved in the receptor language, please read the section on this term in the resource Key Biblical Terms on Translators Workplace. Theos can also refer, though rarely in the New Testament, to beings who are worshipped other than the true God. In this sense it is translated in most English versions by god with a small g. In many languages god with a small g is best translated by a word that means idol or fetish. The word is not used in this sense in Luke or Mark.

Mark 1:1, 14, 15, 24; 2:7, 12, and others. Luke 1:6, 8, 16, 19, 26, 30, and others.

LORD/ YHWH (in the Old Testament)

In the Old Testament, God reveals himself to Moses by his name YHWH (Exodus 3:14). This name means I am, and is sometimes translated by an expression meaning the Living One, the One who Exists, the Eternal One. These four letters were considered so holy by the people of Israel that they never pronounced them. Instead when the name YHWH occurred in the Scripture text, they pronounced the word adonai lord, master. Therefore in the Greek translation of the Old Testament YHWH was replaced by kurios lord, master. Many English translations follow this tradition and translate YHWH by LORD, written in capital letters. In passages quoted from the Old Testament from the Old Testament it is translated as kurios Lord. Although YHWH does not occur in the New Testament, in translating the New Testament it is good to consider how this term will be translated in the Old Testament, as this may affect choices for other terms or titles that refer to God. For a fuller discussion, see the article in Notes on Translation Volume 11 No. 4 (1997): 24-27, Translating the tetragrammaton YHWH i. How to translate this proper name of God is an important decision. Discuss this with your translation consultant. Test the term chosen carefully in the community.

Lord, referring to God, in the New Testament {Greek: kurios}

When the Old Testament scripture is quoted in the Greek New Testament, kurios most often corresponds to the name YHWH (e.g., Luke 4:8). Sometimes it also translates the Hebrew word adonai lord, master (e.g., Luke 4:18). Depending on how Lord is translated in the receptor language, it may be necessary to say Lord God to make it plain when the reference is to God.

Mark 5:19; 11:9; 12:11, 29a and 29b, 30, 36a; 13:20; 16:20 (or Lord Jesus) Luke 1:6, 9, 11, 15, 16, 17, 25, 28, 32, 38, 45, 46, 58, 66, 68; 2:9a, b, 15, 2224, 26, 39; 4:8, 12, 18, 19; 5:17; 10:2, 21, 27; 13:35; 19:38; 20:37, 42a Mark 1:3; 2:28; 11:3; 12:36b, 37; 16:19, 20 (or Lord God ) Luke 1:43, 76; 2:11; 3:4; 6:5; 7:13, 19; 10:1, 41; 11:39; 12:42a; 13:15; 17:5, 6; 18:6; 19:8, 31, 34; 20:42b, 44; 22:31, 61a, b; 24:3, 34

10, 17, 49, 52, 57, 59, 81, 215, 231, 251, 261B, 304-5

Lord, referring to Jesus {Greek: kurios}

When referring to Jesus in the New Testament, Lord is a title of respect, meaning master. It is significant that the same word is also used to refer to God. The Greek term, however, does have a wide area of meaning and may also be used to refer to a human master or lord. Depending on how Lord is translated in the receptor language, it may be necessary to say Lord Jesus to make it plain when the reference is to Jesus, if this is appropriate in the context In some contexts it is not clear whether kurios refers to to God or to the Lord Jesus. For example Mark 5:19. In such passages try to keep both interpretations open, if this is possible in the receptor language.

15, 30, 253B, 343B, 421, 423B, 426

Lord, as a term of address to Jesus {Greek: kurios}

In the New Testament, when those who follow or respect Jesus speak directly to Jesus, they sometimes address him as Lord. This should be translated by a term of respect such as would be used to address a highly honoured person. Sometimes the form that it appropriate to use when speaking directly to someone (vocative) may be different from the word that is used when referring to that person. In each passage, consider who the speaker is and use a term that is appropriate to that situation and context.

Mark 7:28 Luke 5:8, 12; 6:46a, b; 7:6; 9:54, 1; 10:17, 40; 11:1; 2:41; 13:23; 7:37; 18:41; 19:8; 22:33, 38, 49

18, 75, 79, 113, 116, 164, 175, 196, 245, 249-50, 252, 258, 292, 297, 308, 310, 312, 317, 325, 344, 346, 399-400

Teacher, as a term referring to or addressed to Jesus {Greek: didaskalos}

Teacher translates the Greek word didaskalos which is the equivalent of the Hebrew word rabbi. It refers to a respected religious teacher. Use a term in the receptor language that is appropriate for addressing a teacher or other highly respected person. (Caution: The term that is used to address a primary school teacher, for example, may not be suitable.)

Mark 4:38; 5:35; 9:17, 38; 10:17, 20, 35; 12:14, 19, 32; 13:1; 14:14 Luke 3:12; 7:40; 8:49; 9:38; 10:25; 11:45; 12:13; 18:18; 19:39; 20:21, 28, 39; 21:7; 22:11 Luke 5:5; 8:24(2), 45; 9:33, 49; 17:13.

Master translating epistata

This Greek word is used only in the Gospel of Luke and is a term of respect used by various disciples to address Jesus, especially in the earlier chapters of Luke. (Later in the gospel, the disciples address Jesus mainly by the term kurie Lord.) The meaning and use of this term is similar to that of didaskalos teacher (see above).

Christ, Messiah {Greek: christos, messias}

As a title, Christ is derived from the Greek form that literally means the anointed one. In the custom of the Jews, anointing with oil was used as a symbol to show that the person had been appointed to a very special role, such as a king or a priest. The anointing showed that (a) the person was dedicated to God, and (b) that he was set apart and empowered for a particular work in the service of God. Thus he was consecrated to special purpose in service to God (Isaiah 61:1). This title Christ may therefore be translated by a phrase such as 1. 2. 3. 4. the anointed one, the one God has appointed/chosen/sent Gods chosen one, the Savior/Lord/one/person whom God has promised to send, 5. the One/Person/Man God sent to earth. The title Messiah is the Hebrew equivalent of the Greek term Christ. See John 1:41 We have found the Messiah (which means Christ). Messiah is an abbreviation of the fuller title The Lords anointed, which was used in the Old Testament to refer to kings descended from David and in particular to the expected Messiah whom God had promised to send (e.g., Psalm 2:2, Daniel 9:25-26, Acts 4:26). In the gospels, Christ is almost always a title (the Christ) and should usually be translated as such with a meaningful term, so that its meaning as a title is clear. In the epistles, Christ is usually treated as a proper name, part of the name of Jesus: Jesus Christ.ii

Mark 1:1; 8:29; 9:41; 12:35; 13:21; 14:61; 15:32 Luke 2:11, 26; 3:15; 4:41; 9:20; 20:41; 22:67; 23:2, 35, 39; 24:26, 46

15,17, 40, 62, 64B, 120, 137, 140, 180, 351, 369. 390, 408, 413, 437

the Holy One of God

In this usage, the Greek word hagios has the sense one who is consecrated or dedicated to the service of God, or the one sent from God. Therefore this phrase the Holy One of God has the sense or meaning, Gods chosen person OR the one who came from God The Greek word str means a deliverer, one who rescues a person or a nation from a serious danger. The danger may be either physical or spiritual. In the New Testament this term is sometimes used to refer to God (e.g. Luke 1:46) and sometimes to refer to Jesus (Luke 2:11). In both cases the reference is usually on salvation from sin, evil or death. The related Greek verb szo can mean to save, deliver, rescue also to heal, to make well, to make whole, and to keep alive. Most English versions translate as save or heal according to the meaning in each context.

Luke 4:34 Mark 1:24 Luke 1:35 Luke 1:46-47, 69; 2:11

Saviour {Greek str}

10, 15-6, 19, 440, 443, 444, 448-9

Compare also save.

Son of God {Greek: huios tou theou} Fils (de Dieu)

The relationship of father and son which exists between God the Father and Jesus, the Son of God, is unique. Jesus is the very being or nature of God. He is God. Jesus did not have a human father. It was the Holy Spirit (the Spirit of God) who caused Mary to become pregnant. Luke 1:26-37 describes the manner of the conception of Christ. Care is needed in translating the expression Son of God in languages where the word son son refers specifically and only to a physical son. This is especially true in some languages related to Arabic.

Mark 1:1, 11; 3:11; 5:7; 9:7; 13:32; 14:61; 15:39 Luke 1:32, 35; 3:22; 4:3, 9, 41; 8:28; 9:35; 10:22; 22:70

1, 5, 42, 45, 51, 191, 354, 439, 444

Son of Man {Greek: huios tou anthrpou}

In the Gospels, Son of Man is a title that refers to the Messiah, the one whom God had promised to send, and whose coming the prophet Daniel predicted in Daniel 7:13-14. The Son of Man is both divine and human in nature. Religious Jews who knew the book of Daniel would have recognized the title as referring to the Messiah. Jesus used the title to begin to reveal to them that he was the Messiah. He wanted people to realize who he was. He did not at first make an open claim to be the Messiah, and yet at least some of those who heard him knew he was referring to himself when he used the phrase. Their reactions show that they knew he was claiming to be the Messiah. It was not until his trial before the Sanhedrin that Jesus stated explicitly that he was the Christ. He did so when he responded to the High Priests question, Are you the Messiah? (Mark 14:61-64; Luke 22:66-71). Before this, he had revealed that he was the Christ only to his disciples (Mark 8:27-30; Luke 9:1822). Therefore the term chosen to translate Son of Man should hint at the fact that he was a very special person (both divine and human), without being overly explicit. In the context of the phrase Son of Man, man means humanity, or mankind it does not mean simply a male human being. Son of signifies that the one who has this title is the supreme representative of this group. Some languages translate as child of humanity or the unique human being. Although he was referring to himself, Jesus used this phrase in the third person, as if he were referring to someone else. However, those who listened to Jesus understood that he was referring to himself. This is because the Hebrew or Aramaic language allows a person to use indirect reference, when referring to themselves. In some languages this kind of indirect reference to oneself is never used. Therefore in translating into languages where a person would never refer to themselves in the third person, it may be necessary to translate as I, the Son of Man, otherwise it would mean that Jesus was referring to someone else. Consider the context carefully.

Mark 2:10, 28; 8:31, 38; 9:9, 12, 31; 10:33, 45; 13:26; 14:21a, b, 41, 62 Luke 5:24; 6:5, 22; 7:34; 9:22, 26, 44, 56, 58; 11:30; 12:8, 10, 40; 17:22, 24, 26, 30; 18:8, 31; 19:10; 21:27, 36; 22:22, 48, 69; 24:7

97, 181, 186, 229, 260J&K,, 306, 324, 353, 424

Holy Spirit {Greek: pneuma hagion} Esprit-Saint

Holy Spirit refers to the third Person of the Trinity. He is also referred to as the Spirit of God or the Spirit of Jesus Christ. The word holy here implies a unique, divine being who has some of the characteristics or attributes of God. Therefore a word that means something like pure or clean does not communicate the original meaning accurately. Many languages translate Holy Spirit as Spirit of God. The Holy Spirit is not a separate spirit being from God rather He is an aspect of the nature of God. The relationship between God and the Holy Spirit may be compared to the relationship between a person and his spirit. It is the part of the being of that person that reflects his nature and character. A term that refers to the spiritual part of a being may be appropriate. Caution: Care must be taken to avoid a term that might imply the spirit of a person who has died or the spirit of an ancestor. In some languages, the word for breath or wind may fit test carefully.

Mark 1:8, 10, 12; 3:29; 12:36; 13:11

5, 17, 41-3, 57, 199, 4389

Luke 1:15, 35, 41, 67; 2:25-27; 3:16, 22; 4:1, 14, 18; 11:13; 12:10, 12

Names for other spirit beings in the New Testament Key term Different senses, notes Translation and back-translation References in Mark & Luke JF LOOP

angel {Greek: angelos} ange

An angel is a supernatural spirit being who is a messenger from God. Therefore angel is often translated messenger from God. If you are considering using a word borrowed from another language, test carefully to find out how it is understood by speakers of the receptor language. References to fallen angels may need to be translated in a different way (e.g., messengers of Satan), but no such references occur in Mark or Luke. The original Greek word angelos may also refer to human messengers and in those contexts it is usually translated as messenger. In Luke 7:24 and 7:27, angelos refers to a human messenger and is usually translated messenger in English versions.

Mark 1:13; 8:38; 12:25; 13:27, 32

4, 14, 51, 186, 322, 423, 427

Compare with apostle in section 1

Luke 1:11, 13, 18, 19, 26, 28, 30, 34, 35, 38; 2:9, 10, 13, 15, 21; 4:10; 9:26; 12:8, 9; 15:10; 16:22; 20:36; [22:43 textual question] 24:23

evil spirit {Greek: pneuma ponron} devil, demon {Greek: daimonion} unclean spirit {Greek: pneuma akatharton}

The terms evil spirit, devil or demon, and unclean spirit all have the same meaning. They are used interchangeably in the New Testament and refer to the same beings. They may be translated by the same term. The beings referred to in the New Testament as evil spirits are fallen angels that follow Satan and are under his control. They are not spirits of human beings who have died. Evil spirits may enter into a human being and take possession of him, controlling him. Evil spirits may have particular characteristics for example, a certain spirit of may cause a person to be dumb or deaf, or it may cause a person to have a convulsive fit. In translating this term, study carefully the beliefs of the speakers of the receptor language concerning the spirit world.iii Collocations: To be possessed/controlled by a spirit Mark 1:23 To cast a spirit out of someone Mark 1:39

Evil spirit: Luke 7:21; 8:2; 9:1 (spirit) demon or one being demonpossessed: Mark 1:32, 34a, b, 39; 7:26, 29, 30; Luke 4:33, 35; 7:33; 9:1, 42, 49; 10:17; 11:14a, b, 15, 18, 19, 20, 24; 13:11, 32 Unclean spirit: Mark 1:21, 23, 26; 3:11, 3:30; 5:2, 8,13; 6:7; 7:25; 9:25 Luke 4:33, 36; 6:18; 8:29; 9:42; 11:24

133, 161, 167, 193-5, 212

Satan, the Devil {Greek: satanas also Greek: ho diabolos} le diable

The name Satan refers to the unique supremely evil being who is the chief enemy of God, the leader of the evil spirits. Satan is referred to by several different names: The most common names are: a. The Devil (ho diabolos) Notice that this meaning is distinct from devils, demons, evils spirits in general. The reference is to one unique being. b. Satan, the proper name of the Devil, the enemy of God, chief of the evil spirits d. The deceiver and the tempter. e. The evil one (ho ponros the evil one Passages where ho ponros probably refers to the Devil (as distinct from evil as a quality) are: Matt. 6:13, 13:38, Jn. 17:15, Eph. 6:16, etc. It is important to distinguish between the Devil, Satan (a specific being) and evil spirits of whom there are many, under the control and direction of Satan. Suggestion: The name Satan is known in many places. Check carefully to find out what people believe about the being they call Satan. If the name is indeed understood to refer to the supreme evil being consider using this name. At the first occurrence of the name in a passage, consider explaining the term: Satan, that is the Devil or that is the chief of the evil spirits, and then use the name Satan. In other words, use the name Satan with a descriptive phrase.

Satan: Mark 1:13; 3:23a, b, 26; 4:15; 8:33; Luke 10:18; 11:18; 13:16; 22:3, 31 the Devil: Luke 4:2, 3, 5, 6, 13; 8:12

43-50, 147, 218, 311, 319, 329

4. Buildings or shelters with a religious function Key term Tabernacle {Greek: skns} Different senses, notes This term Tabernacle does not occur in either Mark or Luke, but the information is included here for comparison to Temple below. The Tabernacle was a tent or movable shelter which the people of Israel carried with them as they wandered through the wilderness. The box containing the stones on which the laws were written was kept in the Tabernacle, as well as other holy objects. The Tabernacle was therefore a very holy place where God was present in a special way. The priests made sacrifices to God in the Tabernacle, until the time when the Temple was built. The Tabernacle was a frame covered with animal skins and cloth. See Exodus 25 for a detailed description. After the people of Israel settled in the land of Israel, the Tabernacle was replaced by the Temple in Jerusalem. Tabernacle is often translated in some English versions as Tent of God or Shelter of God. <<attach picture>>iv Translation and back-translation References in Mark & Luke JF LOOP

Compare also Temple, synagogue.

Temple {Greek: hieron} The inner santuary (and sometimes the whole Temple) is referred to in Greek as naos.

There was only one Temple. It was located in Jerusalem. It was here that the people of Israel came to worship God at special festival times, and to bring sacrifices which the priests offered on their behalf. The first Temple was built by King Solomon. This happened after the people of Israel had taken possession of the land of Israel. Solomons father, King David, had brought certain holy objects to Jerusalem. The Temple therefore replaced the Tabernacle as the place where God was present in a special way and where people came to worship him. The box containing the holy objects from the Tabernacle was kept in the inner sanctuary of the Temple. This area inside the Temple was called the Holy of Holies, and God was present there in a special way. The first Temple, built by Solomon, was destroyed when the Babylonians defeated Jerusalem. Later the Second Temple was built, as described in the book of Ezra. That in turn, was replaced by the Temple built by Herod. At the time of the New Testament, Herods Temple had recently been completed. It was a huge and beautiful building that stood on the highest hill of Jerusalem. The term Temple is often translated as House of God. Make sure that this term is clearly distinguished from synagogue. There was only one Temple but many synagogues and the function of the two structures was completely different.

Mark 11:11, 15, 16, 27; 12:35; 13:1, 3; 14:49, 58; 15:29, 38

17, 21, 28, 50, 71,266, 268, 276, 329, 365, 417

Luke 1:9, 21, 22; 2:27, 37, 46; 4:9; 18:10; 19:45, 47; 20:1; 21:6, 37, 38; 22:52, 53; 23:45; 24:53

synagogue {Greek: sunagg}

Synagogues were meeting or prayer houses. The Scriptures were regularly read and taught there, Every village had its synagogue where people would gather on the Sabbath day to hear someone read the Scriptures, to teach from the Scriptures, and to pray. Court cases were also sometimes held in the synagogue, especially if the offense was considered to be breaking one of the laws of God, as revealed to Moses and recorded in the Scriptures. Synagogue is often translated as meeting house of the Jews or prayer house of the Jews.

Mark 1:21, 23, 29, 39; 3:1; 6:2; 12:39; 13:9

56, 82

Luke 4:15, 16, 20, 28, 33, 38, 44; 6:6; 7:5; 8:41, 49; 11:43; 12:11; 13:10, 14; 20:46; 21:12

church {Greek: ekklsia}

This term is not found in Mark or Luke. In the New Testament, the word church never refers to a building. Church refers to a group of believers, either to the universal church (all believers) or to the gathering of a community of believers in a certain place. Nevertheless, the word that is used to refer to church buildings in the receptor language may need to be considered in deciding how to translate synagogue and Temple, taking into account both the overlap in meaning and the difference in meaning of these three distinct terms in the New Testament.

5. Messages, communications Key term commandment(s) {Greek: entol} Different senses, notes The commandments are the mandates of the Old Testament Law, the specific set of rules for living and pleasing him that God gave to the people of Israel. At the time Jesus lived, some Jews wanted to distinguish between the important and the less important commandments. Other Jews wanted a great commandment, or one commandment to unify all the Law. (Luke 10:25ff though entol is not used there; Mark 12:28, 31) Translation and back-translation References in Mark & Luke Mark 7:8, 9; 10:5; 10:19; 12:28; 12:31 Luke 1:6; 18:20; 23:56

JF LOOP ?

Law, Laws {Greek: nomos} La loi

In the Bible the Law refers to the laws that God gave Moses on Mount Sinai. These were the instructions that God revealed and which were written in the first five books of the Hebrew Bible called the Torah. The Law is often translated as the Laws/teachings/instruction God revealed to Moses or the Law/Laws of Moses. Consider using this more complete form for the first reference in a passage. After the first reference, a shorter form can be used. It may be helpful to use a capital letter, although this is, of course, insufficient in itself to communicate the special meaning. Test the translation in contexts where this term occurs to find out whether the hearers understand that it refers to a particular body of instruction that comes from God. If people understand it to refer to the laws or rules of the local country then some clarification of the correct meaning will be needed

Luke 2:22, 23, 24, 27, 39; 10:26; 16:16, 17; 24:44

21, 184, 422

Scriptures, the writings, the Bible {Greek: hai graphai, graph, biblion} Bible, les Ecritures

In the New Testament, the Scriptures refers to the Old Testament Scriptures, that is, the Hebrew Bible. It includes the Torah (the first five books) and also the books of the prophets and other Old Testament writings. Scripture is often translated as Gods Book or Gods writings. In the New Testament, the phrase it is written (Greek gegraptai) always means It is written in the Scriptures. The Greek word biblion refers to the actual material on which Scripture is written. The noun hai graphai or verb form graph refer to the content of the Scripture, that is its meaning.

Mark 12:10, 24; 14:49; 15:28 Luke 4: 21; 24:27, 32, 45 it is written: Mark 1:2; 7:6; 9:12, 13; 11:17; 12:19; 14:21, 27 Luke 2:23; 3:4; 4:4, 8, 10, 17; 7:27; 10:26; 18:31; 19:46; 20:17; 21:22; 22:37; 24:44, 46 biblion Luke 4:17a, b, 20 Mark uses the noun form euangelion, Luke uses the verb form euangeliz. Mark 1:1, 14, 15; 8:35; 10:29; 13:10; 14:9; 16:15 Luke 1:19; 2:10; 3:18; 4:18; 7:22; 9:6; 20:1

2, 30, 46, 49, 51-2, 60-1, 64b, 232, 268, 294, 316, 437, 442, 446, 450

gospel, good news {Greek: euangelion, euangeliz} Lvangile, La bonne nouvelle

The gospel, the good news, a joyful message. This term refers specifically to the message about Gods mercy and compassion on human beings, and about how, through the death and resurrection of Jesus, he has opened the way for human beings to be forgiven for their sins and to be reconciled with God. Possible translations: The good message, the message of salvation, the good message/news about Gods saving (people) Mark uses the noun form euangelion, Luke uses the verb form

2, 16, 27, 57, 133, 314

euangeliz

The word (of God) {Greek: logos, rhma} La Parole (de Dieu)

Gods revealed truth, Gods message of salvation, Gods utterance, or Gods communication This term is also used with reference to some of Jesus sayings on earth. [Check use of rhema v. logos ]

Mark 2:2; 4:14, 15a, b, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 33 Luke 1:2; 3:2; 5:1; 8:11, 12, 13, 15,21; 11:28

147-150, 155

Other key terms in the Gospels of Mark and Luke Key term Different senses, notes Translation and back-translation References in Mark & Luke JF LOOP

baptize, baptism {Greek: baptiz, baptisma}

In Jewish custom, baptism was a ritual act involving sprinkling, washing, or immersing in water. This act symbolized purification. It signalled a change of status when a gentile (that is, a non-Jewish person) adopted the Jewish faith. John the Baptizer baptized those people who repented, confessed their sins, and turned to God. The act of baptism was a sign that God had forgiven their sins. After the death of Christ, those who believed the gospel were baptized as evidence of their repentance and change of heart and their new status as believers. The Greek word itself does not specifically mean either immersing in water or sprinkling both actions were used in Jewish customs and could be referred to by this term. Translators should choose a term that will be acceptable to all denominations in the area. This may be one term for which a transliteration of the Greek term or of the term used in the language of wider communication in the area may be the best solution. Baptism with the Holy Spirit and with fire: In Luke 3:1617, it says he will baptise you with the Holy Spirit and with fire. This refers prophetically to the giving of the Holy Spirit to those who believe and also to judgement and suffering that would follow. If possible, use the same expression as is used for baptism by water, or try he will purify/cleanse you with the Holy Spirit and with fire or what I have done with water he will do with the Holy Spirit and with fire

baptiz (verb) Mark 1:4, 5, 8a, b, 9;10:38a, b, 39a, b; 16:16a, b Luke 3:7, 12, 16a, b, 21a, b; 7:29, 30; 12:50 baptisma (noun) Mark 1:4; 10:38a, b, 9; 10:38a, b, 39a, b; 11:30 Luke 3:3; 7:29; 12:50; 20:4

28-9, 41, 43, 281, 439

Compare also John the Baptizer.

John the Baptizer {Greek: ianns baptiz, ianns baptistos} Compare also baptism.

Two slightly different forms are used in Greek for this title, literally translated John the baptizing one and John the baptiser. Both may be translated by the same form. In the Greek text it is not clear whether Mark 1:4 should be interpreted as the noun John the Baptizer in the wilderness or as the verb John, baptizing in the wilderness. Different Bible versions follow different readings on this point,

ianns [ho] baptizn (verb) John the baptizing one Mark 1:4; 6:14, 24 ianns baptistos (noun) John the baptizer Mark 6:25; 8:28; Luke 7:20, 33; 9:19

134, 140, 178

covenant {Greek: diathk}

A covenant is an agreement or promise whose terms are decided by one side. It is made by someone who is powerful and requires that the weaker person make a commitment to the more powerful person in return. This commitment is necessary in order to ratify the agreement. Thus both sides make this agreement, and the agreement brings them together in a strong commitment to each other. In the New Testament, covenant usually refers to one of the important covenants mentioned in the Old Testament. This includes the covenant made with Abraham (Luke 1:72), the covenant made with the people of Israel under Moses leadership at Mount Sinai, and the new covenant prophesied by Jeremiah (Mark 14:24; 22:20).

Mark 14:24 Luke 1:72; 22:20

emperor, Caesar {Greek: Kaihsaros} lempreur, Csar

In New Testament times, the armies of Rome had conquered many countries. The Roman emperor was the supreme king who ruled over all the countries of the whole Roman Empire. Caesar is a title for this person, and it means emperor of Rome. Suggested translation: Big king of Rome Compare: emperor, king, tetrarch, and governor.

Mark 12:14-17. Luke 2:1; 3:1; 20:22; 23:2.

4, 12, 28, 66, 236, 296, 362, 369

king, reign (as king) {Greek: basileus, basileu} roi

The term king usually refers to a traditional ruler, or a chief, one who ruled over a whole nation or over a section of a nation. Herod I, also known as Herod the Great, is referred to as basileus king of Judea in Luke 1:3. His death is described in Matthew 2:15.

Herod I, known as Herod the great, is referred to as basileus king of Judea in Luke 1:3. His death is described in Matthew 2:15.

All noun basileus except when noted as verb (v.) basileu. Mark 6:14, 22, 25, 26, 27; 13:9; 15:2, 9, 12, 18, 26, 32 Luke 1:5, 33 (v.); 10:24; 14:31a, b; 19:12, 14 (v.), 27 (v.), 38; 21:12; 22:25; 23:2, 3, 37, 38

4, 28, 134, 175, 202, 230, 236, 243, 261B, 270B, 271-2, 274, 304-5, 331B-2, 36970, 373, 3767, 410-12, 414, 442

tetrarch

A tetrarch was a traditional ruler, appointed by the Roman government to rule over a part a country1. Thus a tetrarch was a national of the country concerned but ruled with the approval of the Roman Government and gave some allegiance to Rome. Herod II, son of Herod the Great2, is described as tetrarch in Matthew 14:1, Luke 3:19 and 9:7, also in Acts 13:1. Luke 3:1 explicitly identifies Herod as tetrarch of the region of Galilee, his brother Philip as tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias as tetrarch of the region of Abilene. Herod is also referred to by the more general term basileus king in Mark 6:14 and Acts 12:1.

Luke 3:1, 19; 9:7

check

governor {Greek: hgemn, hgemoneu}

A governor was powerful Roman administrator or official. He was appointed by the emperor of Rome to be the principal local administrator in a certain region. Pilate was the governor (or administrator) appointed by Rome to govern the region of Judea. Notice that the official appointed to be governor was a Roman citizen while kings and tetrarchs (such as Herod I, Herod II, Philip or Lysanias) were Jewish citizens.

hgemn (noun) Mark 13:9 Luke 20:20; 21:12 hgemoneu (verb) Luke 2:2; 3:1

28, 359, 360, 362, 379

1 2

Originally a fourth part of a country, but the term was later used more generally. Three sons of Herod the Great are mentioned in the New Testament: Archelaus (Matthew 2:22), Herod Antipas (also known as Herod II), and Philip.

Kingdom of God {Greek: basileia (tou theou)}

The Kingdom of God does not refer to a place, but to the relationship between the King (in this case God) and the people over whom He rules. Thus the phrase refers to the relationship between God and the people he rules. The phrase the coming of the Kingdom of God and related expressions refer to the process of restoring the broken relationship between God and human beings. For the phrase Yours is the kingdom of God, try You know him/God as your king or You are citizens of Gods kingdom/chieftancy.

basileia tou theou (Kingdom of God) Mark 1:15; 4:11, 26, 30; 9:1, 47; 10:14, 15, 23, 24, 25; 12:34; 14:25; 15:43 Luke 4:43; 6:20; 7:28; 8:1; 8:10; 9:2, 11, 27, 60, 62; 10:9, 11; 11:20; 13:18, 20, 28, 29; 14:15; 16:16; 17:20, 21; 18:16, 17, 24, 25, 29; 19:11; 21:31; 22:16, 18; 23:51 basileia (kingdomclearly meaning Gods) Mark 11:10 Luke 1:33; 11:2; 12:31-32; 22:2930; 23:42 basileia (kingdom belonging to men): Mark 3:24; 6:23; 13:8; Luke 4:5; 11:17, 18; 19:12, 15; 21:10

96, 133, 146, 184, 187, 197, 206, 210, 211, 224, 227, 240, 303-4, 309, 414

miracle, miraculous {Greek: dunamis, smeion}

This term refers to an amazing act done by the power of God and is an act which cannot be explained by the normal laws of nature. (Sometimes the term may refer to an act done by a supernatural force other than God.) The Greek word dunamis focuses on the extraordinary power of the act or event. The Greek word smeion focuses on the fact that this event is a sign that shows that it is God who is at work. These two Greek words overlap in meaning.

dunamis Mark 6:2, 5, 14; 9:39 Luke 10:13; 19:37 smeion Mark 8:11, 12a, b; 16:17, 20 Luke 11:29; 23:8

7, 63, 176, 214-5, 409, 443

Passover, festival {Greek: pascha}

The Greek term pascha refers to the festival or celebration of Passing Over. It refers back to the time when the people of Israel were escaping from Egypt. At that time, the angel who brought death passed over the houses of the people of Israel whose doors were marked with the blood of a lamb. Thus the festival is a remembrance of how the people of Israel belong to God and are saved through the blood of a lamb. The term Passover usually refers to the festival but it may also refer to the lamb and rest of the meal eaten during the feast (John 18:28). Some translations supply the word lamb and translate Passover lamb when referring to the preparing and eating of the Passover feast (Mark 14:12, 16, Luke 22:7, 8, 11, 13, 15). Christ died on the cross at the time of the Passover feast being celebrated in Jerusalem. The Bible identifies him as Gods perfect Passover lamb, or sacrifice, making all other sacrifices unnecessary.

Mark 14:1, 12, 14, 16 Luke 2:41; 22:1, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15

21, 302-3

prophesy {Greek: prophteu} Compare with prophet.

Prophecy refers to the act of speaking a message that is received directly from God. It means to tell something that can only be known through a revelation from God. A prophecy may be foretelling something that will happen in the future. But not all prophecies involve foretelling the future. Some prophecies are a strong instruction or warning (as with the prophecies of Jeremiah, for example).

Mark 7:6; 14:65

348

Luke 1:67; 22:64

repent {Greek: metanoe, metanoia}

To repent is to turn away from sin, to stop sinning and turn toward God, to have a change of heart and mind.

All verb metanoe except when noted noun (n) metanoia. Mark 1:4(n), 15; 6:12 Luke 3:3(n), 8(n); 5:32(n); 10:13, 11:32; 13:3, 5; 15:7(v, n), 10; 16:30; 17:3, 4; 24:47(n)

28-9, 81, 209, 438, 444

sin(s), to sin {Greek: hamartia, hamartan, hamartma}

Sin is an act that is against the commands or the will of God is a sin. Sins are not limited to what people may consider to be serious wrong doing - they include any kind of disobedience to God, any falling short of his standard of righteousness. Avoid using a term that would imply only criminal acts.

hamartia (noun) Mark 1:4, 5; 2:5, 7, 9, 10 Luke 1:77; 3:3; 5:20, 21, 23, 24; 7:47, 48, 49; 11:4; 24:47 hamartan (verb) Luke 15:18, 21; 17:3, 4 hamartma (noun) Mark 3:28

28-9, 72, 79, 81, 106, 126, 130, 261B, 320B, 344, 424, 438, 442-50

forgive, forgiveness {Greek: aphimi, aphesis} pardonner

To forgive means to release the guilt of someone for a wrongdoing. This does not change the wrongness of what was done, but it removes guilt from the one who did it. When a person is forgiven then the offence is no longer held against that person and they will not be punished for it.

All verb aphimi except when noted noun (n) aphesis.

23, 29, 81, 112, 128, 130, 131, 197, 344-6, Mark 1:4(n); 2:5, 7, 406, 421, 9, 10; 3:28, 29(n); 438, 443, 4:12 444, 448, 450 Luke 1:77(n); 3:3(n); 5:20, 21, 23, 24; 7:47, 48, 49; 11:4a; 12:10; 23:34; 24:47(n) Forgiveness by men: Mark 11:25, 26; Luke 11:4b; 17:3, 4

Jew, Israel, Hebrew {Greek: Ioudaios, Isral}

Jacob, later named Israel, was Abrahams grandson. He was the father of the twelve patriarchs who in turn were the founders of the twelve tribes of Israel. The people of Israel were also called Hebrews, and later were called Jews. Hebrew is the language in which the Old Testament was written; it is still spoken by the Jewish people.

Jew (Ioudaios): Mark 7:3; 15:2, 9, 12, 18, 26 Luke 7:3; 23:3, 37, 38, 51 Israel (Isral): Mark 12:29; 15:32 Luke 1:16, 54, 68, 80; 2:25, 32, 34; 4:25, 27; 7:9; 22:30; 24:21

Gentile {Greek: ethnos}

The people of Israel, the Jews, called people of other nations Gentiles. The Greek word means literally, the peoples, the nations. As Gods chosen people, Israel looked down on other nations. They did not believe that the Gentiles could be accepted by God or could have a relationship with him. The people of Israel also avoided associating with the Gentiles. Suggestion for translation: Those who are not Jews. In some contexts, however. people of all nations may be a better translation. <check passages where to translate those who are not Jews may imply that the Jews are not among those who are saved.>

Mark 10:33, 42; 11:17; 13:10

Luke 2:32; 12:30; 18:32; 21:24, 25a, b; 22:25; 24:47

tax collector {Greek: telns, architelns}

Tax collectors in Israel were hated by the people because they collected taxes on behalf of the Roman government. The Romans had conquered the country of Israel by force and so their presence was resented. The tax collectors were also hated because they often demanded more money from people than they should and kept some for themselves. They were therefore considered to be dishonest people. The Greek architelns means chief tax collector. This indicates that he had tax collectors who worked under him to help collect what was owed to the Roman government.

All telns except as noted. Mark 2:15, 16a, b Luke 3:12; 5:27, 29, 30; 7:29, 34; 15:1; 18:10, 11, 13; 19:2 (architelns)

36, 71-3, 90, 208, 253, 259

taxes {Greek: knsos, phoros, telos}

Taxes were paid by Israel as a conquered nation to the rulers of Rome. Matthew and Mark use knsos poll-tax, while Luke uses the more general term phoros tribute or tax. Both words have the same meaning. The word telos is used with both knsos and phoros in Greek literature of the same period as the Bible. Thus it seems that telos is the more general and widely used word for tax.

Mark 12:14 (knsos) Luke 20:22 (phoros, telos); 23:2 (phoros)

90, 296, 369

tithe {Greek: apodekato} dimes worship {Greek: proskune}

A tithe is a tenth part of a persons money or possessions. According to the laws, people were to give one tenth of all their crops or income to God. Suggestion for translation: He gives God one part in every ten parts, or He divides all he receives into ten parts and gives God one part. The Greek word proskune means to kneel to someone, tl bow down, to honor or to lay face down in front of someone to show reverence, fear, or supplication. Thus people show by attitude and possibly by bodily position allegiance to and regard for God. In comparison to other terms referring to prayer, proskunew implies worship, adoration, and submission. (NIDNTT V. 2, 855) The use of the term in Mark 15:19 indicates both a body position and also an attitude of giving honor. The context will help to clarify whether or not a certain physical position is implied.

Luke 11:42; 18:12

Mark 5:6; 15:19 Luke 4:7, 8; 24,52

48-9, 266, 420

Sabbath {Greek: Sabbaton}

The Sabbath day is the seventh day of the Jewish week, the day of rest. (God rested from the work of creation on the 7th day (Genesis 2:2-3). It is often translated as resting day of the Jews. There are many passages where this information about not working on this day is critical to understanding the passage and the argument or discussion or events being described. You may need to include this kind of information in a footnote with the first occurrences of the term. In Mark 16:2, 9; Luke 18:12, 24:1 the reference is not to one day, but to the period of time of one week.

The beginning of things The Teaching/instruction of God Prophecies

Mark 1:21; 2:23, 24, 27a, b, 28; 3:2, 4; 6:2; 16:1, 2, 9 Luke 4:16, 31; 6:1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9; 13:10, 14a, b, 15, 16; 14:1, 3, 5; 18:12; 23:54, 56; 24:1

56, 216-8, 420-3

cross, crucify {Greek: stauro, strauros} la croix,

The cross was an instrument of shame and death. The Romans killed criminals by nailing them to a cross and leaving them there to die. In form, the cross consisted of an upright post or tree with a cross bar nailed across it at the top. In function, it was an instrument for putting people to death death. Suggestion for translation: boards of death crossed boards. It may be good to use an illustration near the firswt occurrence of the term. The phrase take up his cross means facing suffering, shame, and humiliation, even death if necessary, for Christs sake (Mark 8:34; Luke 9:23, 14:27). The phrase should be translated in such a way that this deeper meaning is understood. The idea of suffering and even dying may be expressed with take/carry his cross and prepare himself to suffer (and die).

All verb stauro except when noted noun (n) strauros. Mark 8:34(n); 15:13, 14, 15, 20, 21(n), 24, 25, 27, 30(n), 32(n); 16:6 Luke 9:23(n); 14:27(n); 16:26; 23:21a, b, 23, 26(n), 33; 24:7, 20

184, 384, 395, 405, 408-9, 424, 440 and following

live (eternally), life {Greek: z, za} vivre (ternellement)

The Greek workds z and za refer to spiritual life, also sometimes called eternal life living (spiritually), to livin g in relationship with God, to living eternally Many occurrences of the noun z refer to eternal life.eternal.

All noun z except when noted verb (v) za. Mark 9:43, 45; 10:17, 30; 12:27(v) Luke 4:4(v); 10:25, 28(v); 12:15; 18:18, 30; 20:38a(v), b(v)

2, 219, 233, 441

save, salvation {Greek: sz, stria, strios, zogone, peripoio} sauverle salut

To save or salvation may refer either to rescuing someone from a physical danger (like death or captivity to an enemy) or to rescuing from spiritual and eternal danger (captivity to sin and condemnation by God). Besides the thought of the danger from which the person is rescued, there is always the thought of the safe situation to which the person is brought. In some contexts, one of these is more important than the other. All these Greek terms are similar in meaning. For the verb sz, the noun form is stria, and the adjective form is strios (which also acts as a noun sometimes). Both zogone and peripoio in the Bible only in Luke 17:33. Sz and related forms are also sometimes used in the sense of physical healing. This meaning is usually clear from the context.

All verb sz or noun stria except as noted. Mark 3:4; 8:35a, b; 10:26; 13:13, 20; 15:30, 31a, b; 16:16 Luke 1:69, 71, 77; 2:30 (strios); 3:6 (strios); 6:9; 7:50; 8:12; 9:24a, b, 56; 13:23; 17:33 (zogone, peripoio); 18:26; 19:9, 10; 23:35a, b, 37, 39Other than physical healing, all refer to salvation from eternal hell except: Mark 3:4, 13:20, 15:30 Luke 1:69, 71 In the sense of physical healing: Mark 5:23, 28, 34; 6:56; 10:52 Luke 8:36, 48, 50; 17:19; 18:42

1, 19, 32, 59, 64B, 83*, 11, 131, 147, 157**, 158**, 185, 225, 249, 250, 260, 266, 333, 334, 407, 408, 412, 413

7. Words that have multiple senses (that may need to be translated in different ways in different contexts) Key term altar {Greek: thusiastrion} Different senses, notes All references to altars in the New Testament are referring to altars used in the worship of God. There were altars for offering animal sacrifices and altars for offering incense. The altar of incense was a box-like table made of wood. It was completely covered over with a layer of gold. It stood inside the Holy Place in the Temple in Jerusalem, and a priest burned incense (sweet smelling oil) on it daily and prayed. Suggestion: the table/place where people/priests used to burn oil that smelled sweet The altar for making sacrifices in the temple courtyard in Jerusalem was a large, boxlike structure made of bronze which had a grate or grid in it. It stood outside the Holy Place. The priests kept a fire there all the time for burning the animals which people brought to sacrifice to God. Suggestion: the table/place where people/priests offered sacrifices [to God] Translation and back-translation References in Mark & Luke Luke 1:11 (altar of incense) 11:51 (altar of sacrifice)

JF LOOP

anoint {Greek: aleiph, muriz, chri} See also the note on the meaning of the title Christ.

The word anoint has two senses in Mark and Luke: 1. To literally put oil (or some similar substance) on somebody. This may be done for one of several different purposes: -to welcome him as a guest or honour him (Luke 7:38, 46a, b) -to prepare a body for burial (Mark 14:8, 16:1) -as a symbolic act when praying for healing of a sick person (Mark 6:13) 2. To appoint someone to a special position (Luke 4:18). appointing, choosing is in focus, not the meaning of literally putting oil on that person. The second of these senses developed from the first. The Jews used to anoint a person with oil as a sign that he had been appointed for a special position, as a king or priest or (more rarely) prophet. For example, Samuel anointed Saul to show that God had appointed him to be king (1 Samuel 10:1). Later the word anoint was used when someone was appointed or chosen to a special position even when no oil was put on him. Chri is used in the Bible only in a figurative sense of an anointing by God; that is, setting a person apart for special service under divine direction. In Luke this refers to Jesus being set apart for his work or mission. The word aleiph is used of anointing by applying liquid such as oil or perfume on others or oneself in various situations, including putting spices on the bodies of dead people. The Greek word muriz is used only of anointing a body for burial.

All aleiph except where noted. Sense 1: Mark 6:13; 16:1 Luke 7:38, 46a, b Mark 14:8 (muriz) Sense 2: Luke 4:18 (chri)

believe in (someone), faith {Greek: pisteu, pistis} Croire (en Jsus)

To believe in a person means to trust that person and commit oneself to that person. 2. To believe a message, means to be convinced that this message is true, to accept what is said or written as fact 3. The Greek word pisteu can also mean to entrust something to someone, as in Luke 16:11 The Greek verb pisteu occurs with all three senses. The Greek noun pistis is found only in Sense 1 in Luke.

Sense 1: Mark 5:36; 9:23, 24, 42; 15:32; 16:16, 17 Luke 5:20; 7:9, 50; 8:25, 48, 50; 17:5, 6, 19; 18:8, 42; 22:32 Sense 2: Mark 1:15; 11:23, 24, 31; 13:21; 16:13, 14 Luke 1:20, 45; 8:12, 13; 20:5; 22:67; 24:25 Sense 3: Luke 16:11

1, 86, 147, 148, 203, 311, 441

bless {Greek: euloge, kateuloge, eulogtos, makariz, makarios, charito } bnir

The English word bless in the New Testament translates one of the following Greek words. euloge, kateuloge, eulogtos, makariz, makarios, charito. There is considerable overlap in the meaning and usage of these terms. For a fuller discussion see the resource Key Biblical Terms. There are four different uses of the English word bless, and these may need to be translated differently: 1. God blesses people (i.e., he does good to them). 2. A person blesses another person (i.e., he says, May it go well with you or May God bless you). 3. People bless God (i.e., they praise and thank him). 4. People bless God for food, that is, they give thanks for the food

All verbs euloge except as noted. Sense 1: Luke 1:28 (charito), 42a, b, 45(makarios), 48 (makariz)

Sense 1: 5, 9, 11, 20, 96,-7, 106, 117-8, 141, 438-9

makarios (for remainder of Luke) Luke 6:20-22; 7:23; 10:23; 11:27, 28; 12:37, 38, 43; 14:14, 15; 23:29 Sense 2: Mark 10:16 (kateuloge) Luke 2:34; 6:28; 24:50, 51 Sense 3: Mark 11:9, 10; 14:61 (eulogtos) Luke 1:64, 68 (eulogtos); 2:28; ; 13:35; 19:38; 24:53 Sense 4: Mark 6:41; 8:7; 14:22 Luke 9:16; 24:30

Sense 3: 175, 304-5,

body {Greek: sma, ptma, smatikos}

In English translations of the New Testament, the word body usually translates either the Greek word sma or (less frequently) the Greek word sarx. In the Gospels of Luke and Mark it usually refers to the physical body of a person or animal, whether living or dead. The word sma is used for both a living and dead body. The word smatikos is used to mean a bodily form as opposed to having no bodily form. The word ptma only refers to body that is dead, especially of one killed by violence.

All sma except as noted. Sense 1: Mark 5:29; 6:29(ptma);14:8; 15:43, 45 (ptma) Luke 3:22 (smatikos); 11:34a, b, c, 36; 12:4, 22, 23; 17:37; ; 23:52, 55; 24:3, 23 Sense 2: Mark 14:22, Luke 22:19

cleanse, clean {Greek: kathariz, katharismos, katharos}

There are two distinct senses in which the word clean is used in the New Testament. Physically: To be free from defilement or impurities, (not dirty physically or morally). To make someone or something free from defilement or physical impurity (Mark 7:19) Later in the New Testament this meaning is extended to include freedom from the guilt of sin. Morally: In a ritual sense: Most of the occurrences in the New Testament refer to the state of being acceptable to God. According to the Laws of Moses, this cleanness was determined by ritual requirements for both objects and people. Some animals were considered unclean. Most people and objects were normally considered clean, but conditions such as certain diseases, and giving birth to a child was believed to make a person unclean. Contact with something unclean also was believed to make a person or object unclean. A ritual ceremony had to be performed to make something or someone clean again. When the period of uncleanness had passed, or someone was healed, a sacrifice would be offered as a sign that the person was now clean and acceptable to God again, thus able to join in worship in the Temple and take part in other religious acts. All references to katharismos and katharos in Mark and Luke refer to being clean in the spiritual sense. This means to be considered acceptable before God. Almost all uses of the verb form kathariz refer to healing from leprosy. The exceptions are in Mark 7:19 (body being rid of impurities) and in Mark 11:39 (ritually cleaning objects). This involves two ideas (a) being healed and (b) being made acceptable to God. It may sometimes be necessary to express both ideas in the translation. 49

katharismos (noun) Mark 1:44 Luke 2:22; 5:14

Extracted text from KeyTerms-MultipleSenses.doc:

Key Biblical Term terms with multiple senses - handout

pneuma Sense 1 demon, evil spirit Luke 6:18 Those troubled by evil spirits were cured. (NIV)

Sense 2 angel, good spirit Heb. 1:14 Are they not all ministering spirits sent forth to serve? (RSV) Are not all angels ministering spirits sent to serve ? (NIV)

Sense 3 Spirit of God, Holy Spirit the spirit of God himself Acts 2:4 All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other tongues as the Spirit enabled them. (RSV)

Sense 4 part of the human personality Mat. 26:41 The spirit is willing but the body is weak. (RSV)

Sense 5 ghost, spirit of a dead person Luke 24:37 And they were startled and frightened, and supposed that they saw a spirit. (RSV) They were startled and frightened, thinking they saw a ghost. (NIV)

Sense 6 wind John 3:8 The wind blows where it pleases. (NIV)

Sense 7 breath 2 Thes. 2:8 The Lord Jesus will slay him with the breath of his mouth. (RSV)

sarx Sense 1 the physical substance that covers the bones of the body Luke 24:39 John 6:52 a ghost does not have flesh and bones, as you see I have. (NIV) ghosts don't have bodies, as you see that I do! (NLT) How can this man give us his flesh to eat? (NIV)

Sense 2 human beings, people in general Luke 3:6 Gal. 1:16 All flesh shall see the salvation of God. (RSV) All mankind will see God's salvation. (NIV) I did not confer with flesh and blood. (RSV) I didn't talk this over with anyone. (CEV)

Sense 3 fallen human nature John 8:15 You judge according to the flesh. (RSV) You judge by human standards (NIV)

Romans 7:18 For I know that nothing good dwells within me, that is in my flesh. (RSV) that nothing good lives in me, that is, in my sinful nature. (NIV) 1

Key terms 3

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