Thought styles-1

Extracted text from Thought_Styles1.pptx:

Cognitive thought styles - 1

Social scientists have been less interested in static frame taxonomies as in the dynamic process of framing. But they too have their own categories for this process.

Douglas grid-group heuristic taxonomy of these frames (which she refers to as thought styles) is supported by other more recent insights from scholars like Richard Shweder, Jonathan Haidt, and Allan Fiske, working in the areas of domains of moral judgment and the negotiation of human relations.

Community vs. Society Personal freedom Social solidarity

Community vs. Society Personal freedom Social solidarity

Cognitive Clusters (Douglas) Isolate Alienation Hierarchist Cooperation within structure

Individualist Individual competition

Enclavist (communitarian) Cooperation in dissent

Increasing limits on personal freedom // Increasing solidarity

Four cognitive types, or thought styles. If anyone protests that there are really fifteen, five hundred, or two thousand [cultural] types, or six or eight dimensions, they mistake the exercise. Eleven thousand or a million would not be enough to cover the variety that is out there. Douglas, Missing Persons, p. 101.

Hybridization can be seen at work within the scheme, as individuals and groups negotiate meaning in three or four categories at the same time, or within different situations (but still within the polarities of freedom/solidarity).

U.S Politics Social Welfare Hierarchist

Corporate Welfare

Privacy - bedroom Individualist / Enclavist

Privacy - gun closet

Diagonal of Power Hierarchist Cooperation within structure

Individualist Individual competition

Diagonal of Dissent Isolate Alienation

Enclavist Cooperation in dissent

Organizations Isolate Donkeys Used by others Unorganized labor Hierarchist Wolves Pack hunters Organized labor / management

Individualist Hawks Lone operators Entrepreneurs

Enclavist Vultures Solidarity/individuality Sales reps, semi-skilled craftsmen

Increasing limits on personal freedom // Increasing solidarity

Ecology Isolates-Fatalists: Nature is Capricious Hierarchists-Balancers: Nature is Robust within Limits

Individualists-Entrepreneurs: Nature is Robust

Enclavists-Protectors: Nature is Fragile

The negotiated self

Missing Persons, p. 109

Shweder - ethical categories Ethics of community

Ethics of autonomy

Ethics of divinity

Increasing limits on personal freedom // Increasing solidarity

Haidt - domains of moral judgment hierarchy / ingroup

harm/ reciprocity

purity

Increasing limits on personal freedom // Increasing solidarity

Fiske - negotiating human relations null set authority ranking

market pricing

communal sharing/ equality matching(?)

Increasing limits on personal freedom // Increasing solidarity

Douglas Shweder Haidt Fiske

individualist hierarchst autonomy harm / reciprocity market pricing

enclavist / communitarian community divinity hierarchy / ingroup authority ranking purity

isolate

communal sharing / null set equality matching(?)

Prototypes affect/determine categories: Families for Douglas would fit more in the hierarchist category, though she would no doubt admit the family often shows enclavist tendencies as well. Fiske, on the other hand, uses the family as his prototypical example of the community sharing form of human relations (and would have to admit families display hierarchical elements).

George Lakoff also has referred to both family types described here. Lakoff labels them as strict father versus nurturant parent conceptual metaphors. Lakoff sees these conceptual metaphors as underlying conservative versus liberal politics in the U.S.

Time Orientation (Zimbardo) Past

Memory Types

Negotiation of relations (FiskePinker) Hierarchy (traditional cultures)

Episodic (I had dinner at an Italian restaurant last nightFB, twitter) Procedural (how to ride a bike/drive a car-YouTube) Semantic (Paris is the capital of FranceWikipedia)

Present

Communality (kinship, purity) Reciprocity (competitive business)

Future