MAP — Modular Aggregation of Principles for Bible Translation

I have developed a series of six powerpoint presentations, accompanied by photos which will help the translators reflect on the various interpretation and translation issues involved with grapevine, its products, and associated imagery, along with a list of passages with similar themes:

The introductory presentation gives an overview of the grapevine and its products, discusses the translation of the key terms - grapevine, grape, and wine - and points out its importance in Canaan/Israel, linking to concepts of prosperity, abundance, and security.

The second presentation describes the growth and maintenance of the grapevine, and explains the imagery that focuses on the plant itself. The image of Israel as the vine is a major part of this presentation.

The third presentation explains the processes of harvesting and treading grapes for wine making, along with all of the accompanying imagery.

The fourth presentation describes the different products of the grapevine, how the grape juice ferments to become wine, and how it was preserved in ancient times.

The fifth presentation focuses on the products, in particular on wine and its effects on the one who drinks it. Various images surrounding wine and its consumption are presented.

The final powerpoint summarizes the good and bad connotations of grapevine imagery, provides a checklist of terms to translate, and suggestions for the content of a glossary entry. It ends with a bibliography of my sources. However, photo credits are not yet quite completed.

One important feature of these presentations is the use of Hebrew in presenting important terminology. This is in line with the goal to teach translators how to apply Hebrew knowledge to the translation task. This product also includes introduction to some basic Hebrew expressions surrounding the topic, in order to encourage re-enforcement of Hebrew knowledge.

Use of these presentations:

They are set up so that they can be used in a workshop setting, where the translators work through the passages under the supervision of a consultant.
A translation team can work through the presentations together on their own. Extra notes are included within the presentation that gives tips for translation, as well as further Biblical references on the same topic, etc.
They can be used as a reference, or for the pleasure of reading (and looking at the pictures). I discovered that one translator would open up one of my powerpoints at the end of a work day, just to read through them.
It can be adapted to provide a briefer presentation to a group of reviewers or other interested parties (eg. theological institutions, Bible schools, etc.)

Extracted text from AGK_Green_2_Vine_1-vs3d.pptx:

The Story of the Grapevine and its Fruit

According to the Bible by A.G. Kompaor A WordShare Product*Table of Contents for the Series Chapter 1 (PPT 1) Introduction Chapter 2 (PPT 2) Planting and growing the vine Chapter 3 (PPT 3) Grape Harvest and winepress Chapter 4 (PPT 4) The fruit of the vine Chapter 5 (PPT 5) Drinking wine Chapter 6 (PPT 6) Summary , Conclusion and BibliographyFor maximum benefit, read the the notes which accompany each slide. These notes include photo credits, translation suggestions, alternative interpretations, quotations from other sources, and further comments.INTRODUCTION Chapter 1Genesis 9:20-21 Noah plants a vineyard after the flood Noah began to be a man of the soil, and he planted a vineyard21 He drank of the wine , and became drunk and lay uncovered in his tent.Some words Vineyard kerem = a field planted with grapevines Wine yayin = the fermented juice of the grape Wine makes you drunk ! This is the first reference to wine in the Bible. It shows that the grapevine produces a fruit that can be processed into wine, and that wine can make people so drunk that they are no longer in control of themselves.Genesis 14:18-20 Gift of wine and bread 18 And Melchizedek king of Salem brought out bread and wine. (He was priest of God Most High.) 19 He blessed him, saying, Blessed be Abram of God Most High, Creator* of heaven and earth. and blessed be God Most High, who has delivered your enemies into your hand!But is wine also something good? It is true that wine can make you drunk, but it is also true that the Israelites considered wine to be a very good thing. In fact, it was so good that it was offered to Abram to honor him after he had conquered his enemies. Wine, together with bread, was a product of Canaan that represented the fertility of that land. So the chief cupbearer ( ) told his dream to Joseph Genesis 40: 9-11and said to him; In my dream there was a vine before me, 10 and on the vine there were three branches As soon as it budded, its blossoms shot forth, and the clusters ripened into grapes . 11 Pharaohs cup was in my hand, and I took the grapes and pressed them into Pharaohs cup, and placed the cup in Pharaohs hand." A drink for the kingSome more words Chief cupbearer ( ) = sar- hamashkiym: the one in charge of providing drink to the king Vine gefen: a crawling or climbing plant; a grapevine Branches sarigim: branches coming out of the trunk which produce clusters of grapesSome more words Cluster eshkol: a bunch of one type of fruit Grapes enavim: little round blue or green fruit, which form the cluster of a vine. Cup kos: This is not a glass but rather a cup made of clay or metal such as gold or silver.Jacob blesses his sonsGenesis 49:11-12 Jacob blesses Judah: 11 Binding his foal to the vine , and his donkey's colt to the choice vine, ; he has washed his garments in wine ( , and his clothes* in the blood of grapes. . 12 His eyes are darker than (or red with) wine, ( , and his teeth whiter than milk.Binding his foal to the vine Image of abundance and blessing Tie a donkey to a vine?! This gives us the image of a such a large and productive vineyard that one can tie a donkey to a vine and let it eat from it and even damage it! Wash ones clothes in wine?! Well not really, but there will be so much wine that one could, if one so desired, wash ones clothes in wine. Image of plentiful harvests for the descendants of Abraham Isaac also blessed Jacob with the abundance of wine and wheat. (See Gen 27:28, 37) God promised to bless the Israelites with wine in Canaan if they obeyed his laws. (Deut 7:13; 11:14) See also Deut 32:14.Comparison: Image of the abundance of children Psalm 128:3 Your wife will be like a fruitful vine, inside your home; your children will be like young olive trees around your table. Here we have an image of a fruitful vine, which portrays the abundance of children in the familyGrapes on vine near DorIsrael, the luxurious vine Hosea 10:1 Israel is (was) a luxuriant vine that yields its fruit, The more his fruit increased, the more altars he built; as his country improved, he improved his (sacred) pillars. What is the prophet trying to say in this verse? Abused abundance: The meaning of the verse Israel was a vine with many branches which produced much fruit (because it was blessed by God). (But unfortunately), the more its fruit multiplied (i.e. the more Israel became rich), the more it multiplied its altars (using its wealth to worship other gods). The more its country became beautiful, the more it embellished its sacred pillars (and worshipped them). 1 Kings 4:25 Image of security And Judah and Israel lived in safety, from Dan even to Beersheba, every man under his vine and under his fig tree, all the days of Solomon. Often a fig tree and a few grapevines were planted next to a house and people would sit and relax under the shade. A vine could also climb up the fig tree or up the walls of a house*. Grapevine, Beit JimalUnder his vine and under his fig tree This expression is found elsewhere in the Bible. It is used to express the sense of security in the land: Micah 4:4 but they shall sit (or live) every man under his vine and under his fig tree, and no one shall make them afraid The Hebrew word yashav has a double meaning here reside and sit. Zechariah 3.10 ...every one of you will invite his neighbor to come under his vine and under his fig tree. In order to sit and visit togetherGrape arbor, Neot KedumimThe grapevine along with its products is the most frequently cited of all the plants mentioned in the Bible. (more than 1000 times) Vineyards in terraced fields on the mountainsideHowever in some cultures, the grapevine is not known. Many people have no idea where wine comes from, not to speak of the process for stomping the juice of grapes to make wine. If someone is not familiar with the grapevine, it is not surprising if he/she does not understand the figurative language concerning the grapevine and its products. Therefore the translator must be able to translate these unknown terms, and also be able to render the figurative language in a way that is understandable to his audience. But understanding comes before translating!Vineyard ( )= kerem: A field of grapevinesGrapevine gefen: The plant that produces grapesVine - a climbing plant gefen The word vine can refer to a grapevine or may also be used in a generic sense to refer to any plant that climbs up other plants or object, or that creeps along the ground. Is there a generic word for climbing plants in your language? Some words in Hebrew gefen Vine, a generic word for a creeping or climbing plant A grapevine

gefen sadeh vine of the field: a wild creeping plant which produced gourds. (2 Kings 4:39-41)

gefen hayayin vine of the wine: a grapevine (Num 6:4, Judges 13:14) enav: grape yayin: wineThe grapevine The grapevine is cultivated but it can also be found growing wild in the bush. The grapevine can climb trees but can also creep on the groundThe supported grapevine The cultivated grapevine is supported by stakes and wire order to keep the fruit off the ground. Supported grapevines in Ancient EgyptIn some parts of the world, people are not familiar with the grapevine. As a result, it may be challenging to find appropriate terms in some languages. Here are some solutions proposed by some translators: Some proposed solutions for grapevine: Substitute for a climbing plant found locally, but which does not bear edible fruit. Substitute for a tree that produces bunches of fruit that look like grapes. Translation of alcoholic drink tree Transliteration of wine : wine tree Transliteration of vine : vine tree Transliteration of grape: grape tree Other? Another tree to substitute for the grapevine? In the Moore language, the grapevine introduced in Burkina Faso was named nasaarasbga, literally the sbga of the white people. The sbga tree (Lannea microcarpa), has bunches of fruit that look like grapes, but it is a tree, not a vine.The fruit of Lannea microcarpa can be made into juice or wine, like grapes.In certain Nigerian languages, the name of a wild vine is used. It produces fruit similar to grapes. Adapt a word for a local plant It is possible to adapt a word for a local plant and expand its meaning. You could add an expression such as the white peoples X* or X from Israel or some other descriptive phrase such as cultivated X These kind of expressions indicate that the grapevine resembles the local plant but is not exactly the same plant. *X = the word for a local plant or treeTransliterate from a dominant language Another solution would be to borrow an English or French term, or a term from a dominant language which already has terms for grapevine: English: grapevine, Hausa and some other African languages borrow the Arabic word inabi. The word inabi has the same root as the Hebrew word enav, which means grape. Provide a definition in the glossary Whatever your solution may be, you will need to describe and explain the grapevine and its products in your glossary. If you choose to substitute a local plant, it is important that you describe the difference between the local plant and the plant from Israel. At the end of this presentation, we will give you some ideas for the content of this glossary definition. How to translate vineyard, grapevine, grape, and wine? In English there are three different words or lexemes relating to the grapevine and its products: grape, wine, and vineyard. In Hebrew there are four different words or lexemes: kerem (vineyard), gefen (the grapevine), enav (grape), and yayin (wine). Using different lexemes is not a problem for a culture that is very familiar with the grapevine, but it may cause comprehension problems in a language where you must create new words. > Translation and Comprehension Problems There are translations which have transliterated the each one of these words relating to the grapevine, for example: vain, wain, greyp Problem: Those who are not familiar with the grapevine will not readily understand the connection between the things represented by these words. One translation substituted the name of a wild bush vine for grapevine. For grape, it substituted the name of the fruit from a different type of tree which yields its fruit in clusters! Problem: The reader may think that you are referring to two different types of trees! A good solution You must translate these terms in a way that the reader can readily see the connection between them. In order to do this it would be good to use the same lexical term everywhere. For example, if you chose the term greyp for the fruit, you could say greyp tree for the tree, and greyp drink for the wine. Terms that show the relationship between a tree and its fruit Here are some possible solutions: grape tree , grape, grape (alcoholic) drink vine tree , vine tree fruit, vine (alcoholic) drink wine tree, wine tree fruit, wine tree X, tree X fruit, tree X drink.Think about it! The passages about the grapevine presented in the next chapters will prompt you to reflect further on how to arrive at good translation solutions in your language.Translation exercise Gen. 49:11-12 (Read Chapter 49) 1 Kings 4: 25 Gen. 40: 9-11 (Read Chapter 40) For these three passages, first write an explicit paraphrased translation which makes the meaning clear. Next, write a translation that you find appropriate for the goals of your translation project.

Extracted text from AGK_Green_2_Vine_2-vs3d.pptx:

PLANTING AND GROWING THE GRAPEVINE The grapevine chapter 2 A WordShare Product* by A.G.KompaoreTable of Contents for the Series Chapter 1 (PPT 1) Introduction Chapter 2 (PPT 2) Planting and growing the vine Chapter 3 (PPT 3) Grape Harvest and Winepress Chapter 4 (PPT 4) The fruit of the vine Chapter 5 (PPT 5) Drinking wine Chapter 6 (PPT 6) Summary , Conclusion and BibliographyChapter 2: Planting and growing the vine 2.1 The vine (Israel) is planted and cared for 2.2 Israel and the wood of the grapevine 2.3 Israel spreads like a vine 2.4 Flowering and pruning of the vine From this presentation, we will learn: How the grapevine is planted How it grows How to care for the vine so that it produces a good harvest About the dangers in a vineyard THE GRAPEVINE PLANTED AND CARED FOR Chapter 2.1Isaiah 5:1 My beloved had a vineyard ( ) on a very fertile hill In Israel, grapevines are often planted in terraced plots on hillsides Isaiah 5:2 He dug it and cleared it of stones Clearing the stones was an exhausting job and the mountains in Israel were very rocky And cleared it of stonesand planted it with choice vines See also : Jeremiah 2:21; Ezekiel 17:5-6 A grapevine is not grown from seed. Rather a branch is cut from another vine and planted in the soil.When the cutting is planted, roots develop and the plant grows. he built ( )a tower ( ) in the midst of it See also Matthew 21:33-34 A vineyard properly cared for had a watchtower, which could also be used as shelter for the workers. and hewed out a wine vat in it; ( ). At harvest time, grapes are pressed for juice which ferments quickly into wine.and he looked for it to yield grapes,

(especially after all this work!)but it yielded ( ) wild (sour, bad) grapes! (Israel did not follow the One who cared for her. She became a corrupt and evil people)3 And now, O inhabitants of Jerusalem and men of Judah, )

( judge between me and my vineyard.

)

( 4 What more was there to do for my vineyard, that I have not done in it? When I looked for it to yield grapes, (
), why did it yield wild grapes? See also Jeremiah 2:21And now I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard. I will remove its hedge, and it shall be devoured; I will break down its wall, and it shall be trampled down.6 I will make it ( ) a waste; it shall not be pruned ( ) or hoed, ( )it shall no longer be pruned ( ), and briers and thorns shall grow up; I will also command the clouds that they rain no rain upon it. Destruction of the vine = destruction of Israel by its enemies The image of the destruction of the vine is found in many passages in the Bible: Jer 5:17, 12:10 ; Hosea 2:14; Isaiah 7:23, 32:12, 34:4, 24:7, 13; Deut 6:11; Ps 105:33, 78:47, and more. 7 For the vineyard of the LORD (YHWH) of hosts is the house of Israel, and the men of Judah are his pleasant planting ; and he looked for justice, but behold, bloodshed; for righteousness, but behold, an outcry!Food for thought Why is the vinedresser so angry with the vine? Why is God so angry with Israel? What is the good fruit God had hoped to harvest from Israel? What bad fruit was produced? How do you think God prepared the ground, planted and cared for Israel? The answer to this question is not in this passage. Word definitions sorek: A variety of highly prized grapevine. migdal : literally: Big thing, a watchtower built in the vineyard to protect against predators. Contents 2.1 The vine (Israel) is planted and cared for 2.2 Israel and the wood of the grapevine 2.3 Israel spreads like a vine 2.4 Flowering and pruning of the vine Israel and the Wood of the Grapevine Chapter 2.2Lament for the vine: Ezekiel 19 1 And you, take up a lamentation for the princes of Israel, 10 Your mother was like a vineyard ( ) planted ( ) by the water, fruitful ( ) and full of branches ( ), by reason of abundant water. See also Hosea 10:1Ezekiel 19:11a Its strong stems ( ) became rulers' scepters ( );Ezekiel 19:11b it towered aloft among the thick boughs ( ); it was seen in its height with the mass of its branches ( ).12 But the vine was plucked up in fury, cast down to the ground; the east wind ( ) dried up its fruit ( ); they were stripped off and withered. As for its strong stem ( ), fire consumed it.13 Now it is planted ( ) in the wilderness ( ), in a dry ( ) and thirsty land. 14 And fire has gone out from the stem of its shoots ( ), has consumed ( ) its fruit ( ), so that there remains ( ) in it no strong stem, no scepter ( ) for ruling. This is a lamentation and has become a lamentation.Food for thought Ezk 19 speaks of the grapevine, and Ezk 31:1-18 speaks of the cedar tree. Compare the imagery of these two passages. How do these two passages use the image of the branch and the bough? What does the vine symbolize? What does the cedar symbolize? What does the plucking of the branches in the two passages symbolize? How would you translate these descriptions in a way that will make meaning clear?Israel and the grapevine wood: Ezekiel 15:1-8 1 And the word of the LORD came to me: 2 Son of man, how does the wood of ( ) the vine ( ), surpass any wood? the vine branch ( ) that is among the trees of the forest? Cedar Tree3 Is wood taken from it to make anything? Do people take a peg from it to hang any vessel on it?4 Behold, it is given to the fire ( ) for fuel. When the fire has consumed both ends of it, and the middle of it is charred, is it useful for anything? 5 Behold, when it was whole, it was used for nothing. How much less, when the fire has consumed it and it is charred, can it ever be used for anything!6 Therefore thus says the Lord GOD: Like the wood ( ) of the vine ( ) among the trees of the forest ( ), which I have given to the fire ( ) for fuel, so have I given up the inhabitants of Jerusalem. Food for thought This image in Ezekiel 15:1-8 appears to be a contradiction of the one in Ezekiel 19. Here, instead of being high quality wood used to produce a royal scepter (Ezk 19:11a), the vine is now a wood that is good only for burning (Ezk 15:4-5). It is not good for anything else. Ezekiel compared the Israelites to wood of the vine: they were only good for burning. This image is particularly striking because it completely disregards the real value of the vine, which is its fruit. Contents 2.1 The vine (Israel) is planted and cared for 2.2 Israel and the wood of the grapevine 2.3 Israel spreads like a vine 2.4 Flowering and pruning of the vine ISRAEL SPREADS OVER ITS TERRITORY LIKE THE BRANCHES OF THE VINE Chapter 2.38 You brought a vine out of Egypt( ); you drove out the nations and planted it( ). Psalm 80:7-20 7 Restore us, O God of hosts;

let your face shine,

that we may be saved! 8 You brought a vine out of Egypt; ( ); you drove out the nations and planted it. ( ).9 You cleared the ground for it; it took deep root and filled the land. 10a The mountains were covered with its shade, 10 b the mighty cedars (were covered) with its branches.11a It sent out its branches to the sea ( ), See also Jeremiah 48:3211b and its shoots to the River ( ) .12 Why then have you broken down its walls, so that all who pass along the way pluck its fruit? 13 The boar from the forest ( ) ravages it, and all that move in the field feed on it. 14 Turn again, O God of hosts! Look down from heaven, and see; have regard for this vine ( )14c have regard for this vine, 15 the stock that your right hand planted, and for the son whom you made strong for yourself. 16 They have burned it with fire; they have cut it down; may they perish at the rebuke of your face! 17 But let your hand be on the man of your right hand, the son of man whom you have made strong for yourself! 18 Then we shall not turn back from you; give us life, and we will call upon your name! 19 Restore us, O LORD God of hosts! Let your face shine, that we may be saved! Food for thought This is another image of Israel as the vine. Using this image, the Psalm recounts what God did for his people in Egypt and in their new land, focusing how how the Israelites spread out geographically and settled in this new land. In order to understand this Psalm, it is necessary to understand the geography of Israel as well as the nature of the grapevine. According to this text, where did the Israelites first settle in their new land? How is this illustrated through imagery in the text? What does it mean that the vine stretched towards the sea and the river? Who broke the walls and stole the fruit of the grapevine? In order to understand this Psalm, it is necessary to understand the geography of Israel as well as the nature of the grapevine. By using vine imagery it describes how the Israelites left Egypt, settled in their new land, and spread out geographically in the land. Where did the Israelites first settle in their new land? How is this illustrated through imagery in the text? What does it mean that the vine stretched towards the sea and the river? Who is the wild boar who broke the walls and stole the fruit of the grapevine?The image in this Psalm focuses on the spreading nature of the grapevine branches; the branches creep on the earth and climb trees. The vine: a climbing plantHow to translate speading branches? The image of spreading branches is also found in other passages: Ezekiel 17:1-21, Jer. 48:32 How should one express this notion of vine branches getting longer and longer creeping on the ground or climbing up walls and trees? Can you retain the image of the spreading vine branches in your translation and still express the meaning intended? Is there a generic expression in your language that describes the spreading nature of any type of vine branches?The image of Israel as a vine occurs in prophecies and in laments Gods laments: Jeremiah 2:21 Prophecies of judgment: Isaiah 5:1-7; Ezekiel 15,17 Warnings: Isaiah 27:2-11 Lamentation and mourning about Israel: Ezekiel 19 Lamentation and supplication of the exiles: Psalms 80Translation Exercise Read and translate the following passages: Isaiah 5:1-7 Isaiah 27:2-11 Ezekiel 19:10-14 (Read Ch. 19) Ezekiel 15:1-8 Ezekiel 17:1-10 (Read Ch. 17) Psalms 80:9-17 (Read Ch. 80)Contents 2.1 The vine (Israel) is planted and cared for 2.2 Israel and the wood of the grapevine 2.3 Israel spreads like a vine 2.4 The pruning and flowering of the vine THE PRUNING AND FLOWERING OF THE GRAPEVINE Chapter 2.4 Do not prune your vine or harvest from it in the seventh year: Leviticus 25:3-5 3 ... and for six years you shall prune ( ) your vineyard ( ) and gather in ( ) its fruits, The undressed vine 4 but in the seventh year there shall be a Sabbath ( ), of solemn rest for the land, a Sabbath to the LORD. You shall not sow your field or prune ( ) your vineyard. ( ).5 You shall not reap what grows of itself in your harvest, or gather the grapes of your undressed vine . It shall be a year of solemn rest for the land. Some words Prune ( ) zamar: Each year vine branches are pruned so that they produce well. Undressed vine ( ) nazir: This word is the same as the word for Nazirite. A Nazirite was a person who took a vow with the Lord not to drink, cut his hair or touch a corpse during the time of the vow. (see Num. 6:1-6) Isaiah 18:4-6 The time to prune the vine 4 For thus the LORD said to me: I will quietly look from my dwelling like clear heat in sunshine, like a cloud of dew in the heat of harvest. The grain harvest takes place at the end of the rainy season, at a very hot time, but when there is still some humidity in the air. 5a For before the harvest, when the blossom ( ) is over,5b and the flower ( ) becomes a ripening grape ( ), Isaiah 18:5 he cuts off the shoots with pruning hooks, and the spreading branches he lops off and clears away. PRUNING HOOKSome words The pruning hook is a kind of hooked knife that was used to trim and cut branches that are no longer useful. The pruning hook is mentioned in Isaiah 2:4 and Joel 3:10. It could easily be transformed into a weapon and vice versa. John 15:1-2 1 I am the true vine, and my Father is the vinedresser. 2 Every branch of mine that does not bear fruit he takes away, and every branch that does bear fruit he prunes, that it may bear more fruit. Branches that do not have fruit are cut off. Also the tips of long branches that have fruit are trimmed so that all of the sap is concentrated on developing fruit. The imagery in this verse corresponds exactly to how the vine is pruned.10 My beloved speaks and says to me: Arise, my love, my beautiful one, and come away, 11 for behold, the winter is past; the rain is over and gone. 12 The flowers appear on the earth, the time of singing (or - to prune the vines*) has come ... and the voice of the turtledove is heard in our land. 13 The fig tree ripens its figs, and the vines are in blossom; they give forth fragrance. Arise, my love, my beautiful one, and come away. Song of Songs 2:10-13 (zamir) Branches are trimmed and pruned two times a year:

When the fruit is beginning to ripen, and (See John 15)It is cut way back in order to promote the growth of new branches for the next season.
at the end of the harvestTranslation Exercise Translate the following passages: Leviticus 25:3-5 Isaiah 18:1-7 John 15:1-2 What expressions are difficult to translate in your language? What solutions can you suggest?

Extracted text from AGK_Green_2_Vine_3-vs3d.pptx:

GRAPE HARVEST AND WINEPRESS The Grapevine Chapter 3 A WordShare * product by A.G. KompaorTable of Contents for the Series Chapter 1 (PPT 1) Introduction Chapter 2 (PPT 2) Planting and growing the vine Chapiter 3 (PPT 3) Harvest and winepress Chapitre 4 (PPT 4) The fruit of the vine Chapitre 5 (PPT5) Drinking wine Chapitre 6 (PPT 6) Summary, Conclusion and BibliographyChapiter 3: Harvest and the Winepress 3.1 Harvesting and gleaning the grapevine 3.2 The grape harvest and the winepress3.1 HARVESTING AND GLEANING"The fathers have eaten sour grapes ( ), and the children's teeth are set on edge." Ezekiel 18:2; (See also Jeremiah 31:29-30)Picking the fruit at the right time Sour grapes are grapes that are not yet ripe. What is the meaning of this saying in Ezekiel? How should it be translated it in your language? You could use a generic term such as unripe fruit if grapes are not well-known One has to be very careful to pick grapes at just the right moment. If they are picked too soon, the grapes will be sour. The length of the grape harvest Leviticus 26:3-5 3 If you walk in my statutes and observe my commandments and do them, 4 then I will give you your rains in their season, and the land shall yield its increase, and the trees of the field shall yield their fruit. 5 Your threshing shall last to the time of the grape harvest and the grape harvest shall last to the time for sowing. And you shall eat your bread to the full and dwell in your land securely.Length of the grape harvest A big grape harvest is a blessing for Israel when they follow Gods commandments. In Israel the grape harvest takes place after the grain harvest and before the next sowing season during the dry and hot season. This blessing in Lev. 26:5 refers to a very long grape harvest: from the time of the grain harvest up to the next rainy season!Numbers 13:23 And they came to the Valley of Eshcol and cut down from there a branch with a single cluster of grapes ), and they carried it on a pole between two of them.24 The place that the men gathered grapes was called the Valley of Eshcol ( ) lit. wadi of the grape cluster) because of the cluster (of grapes) that they cut down from there. 21 When you gather the grapes of your vineyard , you shall not strip it afterward. It shall be for the sojourner, the fatherless, and the widow.. 22 You shall remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt; therefore I command you to do this. See also Leviticus 19:9-10 Law about harvesting grapes: Deut 24:21Word definitions eshkol : a cluster, bunch of grapes. batsar : pick and harvest grapes. A special English word for grape harvest is vintage, a word found in some English versions. alal : glean, returning to pick what is left over from the harvestDeut 23:24 If you go into your neighbor's vineyard , you may eat your fill of grapes , as many as you wish, but you shall not put any in your bag .Translation issues Each culture uses different terms for different types of harvests. If the terms in your language vary according to how harvesting is done cutting, picking (by hand), digging up, etc.- you will want to know how grapes are harvested in order to choose the right word in the translation. Some people think grapes were picked one by one by hand, while others are of the opinion that bunches of grapes were cut off with a knife or pruning hook. Translation issues According to Walsh, p. 171-74, the verb batsar has the meaning of cut off . A word for harvesting bunches of fruit would be suitable here. For the word glean you may use a word in your language meaning pick/cut off the leftovers, or you may create a descriptive phrase for this activity. Translation exercise Read and translate the following passages: Ezekiel 18:1-4 (Read the whole chapter, and Jeremiah 31:29-30) Leviticus 26:3-5 Numbers 13:20, 23-24 (Read 13:1-25) What are the challenges of translating the following words in your language? Grape, cluster of grapes Harvest grapes, glean grapesImages of grape harvest and gleaning The idea of harvesting and gleaning grapes is often used figuratively in the Bible. If the grapevine is not well-known, it is sometimes possible to translate the meaning of a passage without using these images Another possibility is to use generic terms; for example, use the terms harvest or glean without specifying the fruit being harvested. Here are several examples: Gleaning and harvesting = killing the enemy Judges 8:2-3 And he said to them, What have I done now in comparison with you? Is not the gleaning of the grapes of Ephraim better than the grape harvest of Abiezer? God has given into your hands the princes of Midian, Oreb and Zeeb. (gleaning = killing the escaping princes) What have I been able to do in comparison with you? (grape harvest = to kill most of the soldiers)Jeremiah 6:9 9 Thus says the LORD of hosts: "They shall glean thoroughly as a vine the remnant of Israel; like a grape gatherer , pass your hand again over its branches. (See also Isaiah 24:13) Glean = pick the remnant of the people of IsraelHarvest and gleaning = devastation Obadiah 5-6 (Jeremiah 49:9) 5 If thieves came to you, if plunderers came by night how you have been destroyed! would they not steal only enough for themselves? If grape gatherers came to you, would they not leave gleanings? 6 How Esau has been pillaged, his treasures sought out! What is the meaning of these verses?Harvest and gleaning = devastation Obadiah 5-6 (Jeremiah 49:9) NET version 5 If thieves came to rob you during the night, they would steal only as much as they wanted! If grape pickers came to harvest your vineyards, they would leave some behind (i.e. gleanings) for the poor! But you will be totally destroyed! 6 How the people of Esau will be thoroughly plundered! Their hidden valuables will be ransacked! No cluster of grapes = no righteous man Micah 7: 1-2 (NRSV) 1 Woe is me! For I have become like one who, after the summer fruit has been gathered, after the vintage has been gleaned , finds no cluster to eat; there is no first-ripe fig for which I hunger. 2 The faithful have disappeared from the land, and there is no one left who is upright; they all lie in wait for blood, and they hunt each other with nets. Explain the meaning of this metaphor.Grapevines after harvestJudgment - no more harvest Jeremiah 8:13 13 When I would gather them, declares the LORD, there are no grapes on the vine, nor figs on the fig tree; even the leaves are withered, and what I gave them has passed away from them. (See also Hab 3:17-18) Translation exercise Translate the following passages: Judges 8:2-3 (read Judges 7:18 8:3) Jer 6:9 (read Jer 6:1-15) Obadiah 5 and Jer 49:9 (read Obadiah and Jer 49:7-22) Micah 7:1-2 (read Micah 7:1-7) Jer 8:13 and Hab 3:17-18 (read Jer 8:8-13) What solutions have you found that would make the text clear for your readers?HARVESTING AND THE WINEPRESS The Grapevine Chapter 3.2As soon as grapes were picked, they were processed often right in the field in a winepress.The winepress was a kind of stone container into which people could step inside. Ripe grapes were spread out on the floor of the winepress . People stomped on the grapes in the winepress , crushing the juice out of them. Then the juice of the grapes flowed through a hole or a pipe to a lower container, a vat *. The juice was then poured into jars, where it would ferment into wine. Processing grapes in ancient EgyptTranslating winepress The idea of stomping on fruit with ones feet is unknown in many languages. In one language in Burkina, one can squeeze with ones hands, and one can stomp on certain grains to thresh them. But the image of stomping or treading on grapes seems to be quite odd! After all, feet are dirty! Some translators therefore proposed to associate the term squeeze with the hands when referring to the winepress.Processing palm nuts in Ebronyi, Nigeria In other cultures, the process of treading grapes is very similar to the processing of palm nuts and olives to extract oil. The terms used to describe this practice may be helpful to the translator. Stomping palm nuts in a village in BeninVineyard with Tower and WinepressBringing grapes to the winepressHarvesting and partying Harvesting grapes is often associated with a time of celebrating. We can easily picture people dancing and singing as they work together treading the grapes, and no doubt, drinking the new wine. The destruction of a land was often described as a time when one could no longer hear the joyful noises coming out of the vineyard during the harvest time.Joy at the winepress! Treading grapes and drinking Judges 9:26-27 And Gaal the son of Ebed moved into Shechem with his relatives, and the leaders of Shechem put confidence in him. 27 And they went out into the field ( and gathered the grapes from their vineyards ( and trod them and held a festival; and they went into the house of their god and ate and drank and reviled Abimelech.When there is no joy in the vineyard When the work is forced labour, Job 24:11a :They tread the winepresses , but suffer thirst... When war comes to the land, Isaiah 16:10: And joy and gladness are taken away from the fruitful field, and in the vineyards no songs are sung, no cheers are raised; no treader treads out wine in the press ; I have put an end to the shouting . See also Jeremiah 48:32-33Translation Exercise Translate the following passages: Judges 9:26-27 Job 24:11a Isaiah 16:8-10 (Read Isaiah16:6-13) Jeremiah 48:32-33Figurative language and the winepress In the Bible, the imagery surrounding the winepress has very negative connotations. In this negative image, the shouts of joy during the harvest time become shouts of anger. God the harvester, treads/crushes grapes (people) in his anger. Crushing grapes = crushing the people Isaiah 63:2-3 (see also Rev. 14:18-20) 2 Why is your apparel red, and your garments like his who treads in the winepress ? 3 I have trodden the winepress alone, and from the peoples no one was with me; Crushing grapes = crushing people Isaiah 63:2-3 (See also Revelation 14:18-20) 2 Why is your apparel red, and your garments like his who treads in the winepress?

3 I have trodden the winepress alone, and from the peoples no one was with me;Isa 63:3b I trod them in my anger And trampled them in my wrath Their lifeblood spattered on my garments, and stained all my apparel." A full vat = full of evil Joel 3:13 Put in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe. Go in, tread, for the winepress is full. The vats overflow, for their evil is great What does it mean their evil is great? This image implies that they are filled with so much evil, like the juice of grapes that fills the vats when the grapes are pressed. Like grapes are crushed in the winepress, in the same way evil people are crushed. The Lord crushes the people of Judah Lamentations 1:15 The Lord rejected all my mighty men in my midst; he summoned an assembly against me to crush my young men; the Lord has trodden as in a winepress the virgin daughter of Judah.Roar of the lion, cries of the harvesters against the peoples Jeremiah 25:30 The LORD will roar from on high, and from his holy habitation utter his voice; he will roar mightily against his fold, and shout , like those who tread grapes, against all the inhabitants of the earth. .Cries of the harvesters against you Jeremiah 51:14 The LORD of hosts has sworn by himself: Surely I will fill you with men, as many as locusts, and they shall raise the shout of victory over you. An ancient winepressTranslation Exercise Isaiah 63:1-6 Joel 4:13 (Read 1-16) Lamentations 1:15 Jeremiah 25:30 (Read 25:15-38) Jeremiah 51:14 How can one clearly express the power of Gods fury in these passages?

Extracted text from AGK_Green_2_Vine_4-vs3d.pptx:

THE FRUIT OF THE VINE The Vine Chapter 4 A WordShare* product by A.G. KompaorTable of Contents for the Series Chapter 1 (PPT 1) Introduction Chapter 2 (PPT 2) Planting and growing the vine Chapter 3 (PPT 3) Harvest and the winepress Chapter 4 (PPT 4) The products of the vine Chapitre 5 (PPT 5) The drinking of wine Chapitre 6 (PPT 6) Summary, Conclusion and BibliographyChapter 4 The Products of the Vine 4.1 The fruit of the vine 4.2 Fermentation and preservation of wine4.1 THE FRUIT OF THE VINEGrapes were also called the fruit of the vine. They were often consumed fresh, right in the vineyard!Grapes were dried so that they could be eaten at a later date. They were often food for travellers. Raisin cakes were made out of raisins compacted together into a ball.

tsimmuqiym : raisins, raisin cakes (1 Sam 25:18; 30:12; 2 Sam 16:1) ashishah : raisin cakes (2 Sam 6:19, Hosea 3:1, Song of Songs 2:5)When juice is squeezed from grapes, people can drink it immediately. but the grape juice quickly ferments and becomes an alcoholic drink called wine. John 2:1-11 Jesus turned water into wine at CanaThe Fruit of the Vine (tirosh) Isaiah 65:8a Thus says the Lord: As the new wine (tirosh) is found in the cluster (eshkol),... The Fruit of the Vine (tirosh)

tirosh (38x): the juice which can be found in the grapes and which is squeezed out of grapes. It is the raw unprocessed product before it becomes wine. The tirosh was normally very lightly fermented. This term is often found in a list of other freshly harvested agricultural products such as wheat or olive oil. (Joel 2:24, Prov 3:10)TiroshThe produce of the winepress Deut 16:13 You shall keep the Feast of Booths seven days, when you have gathered in the produce of your threshing floor and your winepress (yekev ) . The winepress (yekev) was the vat/container into which the tirosh flowed. The produce of the winepress was the fermenting grape juice which is called tirosh.Joel 2:24 The threshing floors shall be full of grain, and the vats (yekev ) shall overflow with wine (tirosh ) ...Vats full of wine: A Sign of Abundance Proverbs 3:10 Then your barns will be filled with plenty, and your vats (yekev) will be bursting with wine (tirosh). Hosea 9:2 Threshing floor and wine vat (yekev ) shall not feed them, and the new wine (tirosh) shall fail them. The word tirosh is found 6 times in the book of Hosea.The wine vat, measure of the harvest Haggai 2:16 How did you fare? When one came to a heap of twenty measures, there were but ten. When one came to the wine vat ( ) to draw fifty measures , there were but twenty. (See also: Hosea 9:2, 2 Kings 6:2) The abundance of the harvest was measured by the number of times that the vat was filled with juice (tirosh) while the grapes were being pressed.Vat Winepress Vatful of wine as a tithe or offering A vat full of wine (tirosh) from the winepress was used as a tithe or as a gift for a freed slave: Tithes for the Levites: Numbers 18:27 And your contribution shall be counted to you as though it were the grain of the threshing floor, and as the fullness of the winepress Gift for a freed slave: Deut 15:14 You shall furnish him liberally out of your flock, out of your threshing floor, and out of your winepress . As the LORD your God has blessed you, you shall give to him.Micah 6:15 Tirosh but not yayin You shall sow, but not reap; you shall tread olives, but not anoint yourselves with oil; you shall tread grapes, but not drink wine. Literally: Tirosh but you will not drink the Yayin The meaning is : you shall tread grapes and get the juice (tirosh) but you will not have time to wait until it becomes wine (yayin) (because of war)Tirosh and yayin In Micah 6:15 we see that tirosh and yayin have different meanings. Tirosh is the raw product of the winepress, whereas yayin (wine) is the refined and well- fermented product. NET says: you will squeeze juice from the grapes, but you will have no wine to drinkThe translation of tirosh There are several ways to translate this word: New wine The product of the winepress Grape juice (see Isaiah 65:8). Must: a technical word for the raw product coming from the winepressWinepress and Vat at Horvat EtriProduce of the winepress The CEV avoids the complication of referring to the produce of the winepress by saying: Numbers 18:27 Just as the Israelites give me part of their grain and wine, you must set aside part of what you receive (Also for Deut 15:14) ESV: And your contribution shall be counted to you as though it were the grain of the threshing floor, and as the fullness of the winepress There are several ways to translate the meaning of produce of the winepress according to what is most natural in your language. 4.2 THE FERMENTATION AND THE PRESERVATION OF WINE Chapitre 4.2The fermentation of grape juice For grape juice to ferment, it needs yeast as well as carbon and nitrogen. Yeast is found naturally in the skins of grapes and in the ground; the fruit itself contains carbon and nitrogen. For this reason, wine growers do not need to add any other products in order for the grapes to ferment.Fermentation begins as soon as the skins of the grapes are broken while they are being crushed. Red grapes fermenting with their skins produces red wine. Rapid fermentation The grape juice ferments quickly. After 12 hours the alcohol content in the grape juice reaches 4 to 6%, becoming a sweet wine. The wine is collected and put into jars.The fermentation continues at a slower pace for the next five days. The alcohol kills all the germs. For that reason, stomping on the grapes with your bare feet does not pose any hygiene problems for the wine product. The fermenta- tion continues in unsealed containersCarbon dioxide gas is released during the fermentation process. This is why one must wait until the end of the fermentation process before sealing the jars. Wineskins Because of the fermentation, leather containers (wineskins) had to be quite flexible when they were filled with new wine since the production of carbon dioxide gas made the skins expand.Mark 2:22 (see also Matt 9:17, Luke 5:37- 38) 22 And no one puts new wine into old wineskins (they are not very elastic and do not expand easily with fermentation); If he does, the (new) wine will burst the (old) skins, (because of the fermentation process) and the wine is destroyed and so are the skins; But new wine is for fresh wineskins. (They are more elastic and allow for expansion.) A modern wineskinJob 32:18-20 18 For I am full of words; the spirit within me constrains me. 19 Behold, my belly is like wine that has no vent;

like new wineskins ready to burst.

20 I must speak, that I may find relief; I must open my lips and answer. Job 32:18-20 Explanation One of Jobs friends felt like saying a lot of things while he listened to the others talking for a long time. He could not hold back his words. He felt like he would explode if he was not permitted to speak. He compared himself to a wineskin containing new wine, which expands to the point of bursting. Ps 119. 83 For I have become like a wineskin in the smoke, yet I have not forgotten your statutes. Note from Semeur Study Bible: a wineskin of dried skin, wrinkled, shriveled up. In the ancient Middle East, they used to hang the wineskins with fermenting wine over the hearth to speed up the fermentation. These wineskins shrivelled up and became unsuitable for further use. They were therefore thrown away. (translated from French)Translation questions How should one translate wineskin? Is there such a container where you live? The process of fermentation, which can force the wineskin to expand and even burst it, is not explicitly stated in Mark 2:22 and Job 32:17-20. How are you going to translate these passages so that your reader understands Jesus teaching correctly and understands the metaphor in Job? The wine in the jars: Jeremiah 48:11 (GNT) 11 The LORD said, "Moab has always lived secure and has never been taken into exile. Moab is like wine left to settle undisturbed and never poured from jar to jar. Its flavor has never been ruined, and it tastes as good as ever. The preservation of the taste of the wine Dregs: the residue, the little bits of grape pieces that sink to the bottom of the jar and help to maintain a good taste for the wine. Later, the wine was poured from one container to another to get rid of this residue before drinking it.Moab, like wine not transfered to another container Enemies had never attacked the Moabite people in their country and forced them to go into exile. They had lived peacefully. They were like wine preserved for a long time in jars.Jars in a wine cellar at AvdatMoab will be poured out Jer 48:12 12 "Therefore, behold, the days are coming, declares the LORD, when I shall send to him pourers who will pour him, and empty his vessels and break his jars in pieces. Jeremiah says that the day will come when they will be attacked, and many will be killed, others will be sent into exile, and the cities will be razed to the ground. The wine poured out (the people) and the broken jars (the country) were metaphors for the future devastation of Moab.Sealed Jars Once the fermentation process was complete, the jars were sealed to allow the wine to be well preserved. The wine remained in sealed jars until the day the jars were opened and the wine was poured into pitchers and cups for drinking.Wine Cellar at AvdatInside a wine cellar In order to preserve the wine, it was kept in big jars inside underground wine cellars where it remained cool all the time, around 18C. Passages to translate Raisins and raisin cakes: 1 Sam 25:18; 30:12; 2 Sam 6:19, 16:1; Hosea 3:1; Song of Songs 2:5. Products of the winepress: Numbers 18:27 ; Deut 15:14, 16:13; Jol 2:24 ; Proverbs 3:10 ; Micah 6:15 ; Haggai 2:16 ; Hosea 9:2 ; 2 Kings 6:27 Wineskins and fermentation: Matt 9:17; Mark 2:22; Luke 5:37-38; Job 32:18-20; Psalm 119. 83. Jars and preservation: Jeremiah 48:11-12.

Extracted text from AGK_Green_2_Vine_5-vs3d.pptx:

DRINKING WINE Chapter 5 A WordShare product* by A.G. KompaorTable of Contents for the Series Chapter 1 (PPT 1) Introduction Chapter 2 (PPT 2) The pruning of the vine and its growth Chapter 3 (PPT 3) Harvest and wine press Chapter 4 (PPT 4) Products of the vine Chapter 5 (PPT5) Drinking wine Chapter 6 (PPT 5) Summary, Conclusion and BibliographyChapter 5 Drinking Wine 5.1 Abstinence 5.2 Wine and Celebration 5.3 Wine in the religious context 5.4 Drunkenness 5.5 Drunkenness and figurative language 5.5.1 Wine, metaphor for love 5.5.2 Mental conditions compared to effects of alcohol 5.5.3 Drunkenness and destruction There are a various attitudes towards wine in the Bible: The Nazirites (Numbers 6:1-6) and the Rechabites (Jeremiah 35) were total abstainers, and priests were not allowed to drink when they were performing their duties (Lev. 10:9, Ezekiel 44:21). For the general population, however, drinking with moderation was very acceptable, especially when celebrating, but it also as a daily beverage and a drink for travelers (2 Sam 16:2). There are a couple of passages that mention medicinal effects of wine (1 Timothy 5:23, Luke 10:34). But the consequences of excessive drinking are also graphically described in the Bible. Chapter 5 Drinking Wine 5.1 Abstinence 5.2 Wine and Celebration 5.3 Wine in the religious context 5.4 Drunkenness 5.5 Drunkenness and figurative language 5.5.1 Wine, metaphor for love 5.5.2 Mental conditions related to effects of alcohol 5.5.3 Drunkenness and destruction ABSTINENCE Chapter 5.1Abstinence : The Nazirite - Numbers 6:2-4 2 When either a man or a woman makes a special vow, the vow of a Nazirite, to separate himself to the LORD,Abstinence: The Nazirite - Numbers 6:2-4 3 he shall separate himself from wine

and strong drink (beer, alcoholic drinks) : He shall drink no vinegar made from wine
or strong drink (other alcoholic drinks) ; and shall not drink any juice of grapes The Nazirite: Numbers 6:2-4 or eat grapes, fresh

or dried . 4 All the days of his separation he shall eat nothing that is produced by the grapevine,

(literally: the vine of the wine) not even the seeds or the skins.Some words: yayin and shekar

yayin (131x): the generic word for wine
shekar 23x: From the verb (18x) meaning to get drunk Some people think that shekar was date palm wine. (Walsh) Other translations say beer. GNT, CEV Most translations understand it as any kind of alcoholic drink that can make people drunk (ESV, NRS, NIV, NET). The vow of abstinence A Nazirite was a person who dedicated himself to God for a specific time by abstaining from certain things. During this period he was not allowed to drink any alcoholic drink, to touch a corpse or cut his hair. The Nazirite vow was so holy to the Lord that anyone who made the Nazirite drink an alcoholic beverage was condemned by God. Amos 2:10-13 People who did not drink wine Samson was a Nazirite all his life (Judges 13:4-5). John the Baptist was forbidden to drink any alcoholic drink (Luke 1:15). The Rechabites were nomads and abstained from alcoholic drinks as ordered by their forefather Rechab (Jeremiah 35).Chapter 5 Drinking Wine 5.1 Abstinence 5.2 Wine and Celebration 5.3 Wine in the religious context 5.4 Drunkenness 5.5 Drunkenness and figurative language 5.5.1 Wine, metaphor for love 5.5.2 Mental conditions related to effects of alcohol 5.5.3 Drunkenness and destruction WINE AND CELEBRATION Chapter 5.2Celebration, joy, and blessing Even if the Bible speaks against excessive drinking, wine also has positive connotations, as in Psalm 104:14-15. Wine is associated with the idea of a comfortable and blessed life. It was a disaster when there was no wine! Isaiah 24:7-12 In the last days, God promises a banquet of good food and wine for the entire world. Isaiah 25:6-8 When Israel is restored, they will eat and drink wine and praise God in his sanctuary! Isaiah 62:9Jews drinking wine at a weddingNo feasting without drinks Isaiah 24:7-12 7 The ( )wine mourns, the vine languishes ( ), all the merry-hearted sigh. 8 The mirth of the tambourines is stilled, the noise of the jubilant has ceased, the mirth of the lyre is stilled. 9 No more do they drink wine ( ) with singing; strong drink ( ) is bitter to those who drink it. The wasted city is broken down; every house is shut up so that none can enter. 11 There is an outcry in the streets for ( )lack of wine; all joy has grown dark; the gladness of the earth is banished. 12 Desolation is left in the city; the gates are battered into ruins. Egyptian women at a partyA banquet for all peoples: Isaiah 25:6-8 6 On this mountain the LORD of hosts will make for all peoples, a feast ( ) of rich food, a feast of well-aged wine ( ), of rich food full of marrow, of aged wine well refined ( ).7 And he will swallow up on this mountain the covering that is cast over all peoples, the veil that is spread over all nations. 8 He will swallow up death forever; and the Lord GOD will wipe away tears from all faces, and the reproach of his people he will take away from all the earth, for the LORD has spoken.Promise of restoration: Isaiah 62:8-9 8 The LORD has sworn by his right hand and by his mighty arm: I will not again give your grain to be food for your enemies, and foreigners shall not drink your (new) wine ( ) for which you have labored; 9 but those who garner it shall eat it and praise the LORD, and those who gather it shall drink it in the courts of my sanctuary.Words for Drinking mishteh (46x, 20x in Esther): Literally: Drink-thing, banquet, feast, where one eats and drinks on special occasions to Receive visitors (Gen 19:3) Celebrate a happy event - A wedding (Gen 29:22) The weaning of a child (Gen.21:8), A birthday (Gen 40:20) The formalization of a peace treaty (Gen 26:30), etc. Words for drinks shemer: well-aged wine (Isaiah 25:6) mimsak: mixed wine (Prov 23:30) assiss 5x: The meaning of assiss is not certain. In some places it seems to mean 'juice' (Song of songs 8:2), but in other passages it is clearly presented as an alcoholic drink (Joel 1:5; Isaiah 49:26). Chapter 5 Drinking Wine 5.1 Abstinence 5.2 Wine and Celebration 5.3 Wine in the religious context 5.4 Drunkenness 5.5 Drunkenness and figurative language 5.5.1 Wine, metaphor for love 5.5.2 Mental conditions related to effects of alcohol 5.5.3 Drunkenness and destruction WINE IN THE RELIGIOUS CONTEXT Chapter 5.3Wine and the Temple The promise of a great banquet with wine in the temple during the last days is especially surprising, especially knowing that priests were not to drink when serving in the temple. But as we will see later on, Jesus also talks of drinking wine when his followers will meet with him in the Kingdom of God. Wine as a gift to the Lord Wine was part of the tithes and offerings given to the Lord. Some of the wine given to the temple was to be drunk by the priests and Levites (Num.18:27, etc.). Another part was reserved for drink offerings, libations for the Lord. (Exodus 29:40, Num 15:5,7,10, etc.) In Joel 1:13, the priests were lamenting the fact that the they were no longer able to offer libations to the Lord.Joel 1:9-11 Agricultural Disaster 9 The grain offering and the drink offering ( ) are cut off from the house of the LORD. The priests mourn, the ministers of the LORD. 10 The fields are destroyed, the ground mourns, because the grain is destroyed, the (new) wine ( ) dries up, the oil languishes. 11 Be ashamed, O tillers of the soil; wail, O vinedressers,( ) for the wheat and the barley, because the harvest of the field has perished. Joel 1:12-13 12 The vine ( ) dries up; the fig tree languishes. Pomegranate, palm, and apple, all the trees of the field are dried up, and gladness dries up from the children of man. 13 Put on sackcloth and lament, O priests; wail, O ministers of the altar. Go in, pass the night in sackcloth, O ministers of my God! Because grain offering and drink offering ( ) are withheld from the house of your God. Some words Libation ( )- nesek: libation, literally, something poured out, from the verb (pour). It was a drink offering to the Lord. Vinedressers ( )- kormim : those working in vineyards. Jesus and wine In contrast to John the Baptist, Jesus did not abstain from wine. He was accused of eating and drinking like an ordinary person. Matthew 11:18-19 His first miracle was the changing of water into wine in a wedding at Cana in Galilee. John 2:1-11The Last Supper of our Lord The Passover the Last Supper of our Lord Matthew 26:27-29 27 And he took a cup,and when he had given thanks, he gave it to them, saying, Drink of it, all of you, 28 for this is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins. 29 I tell you I will not drink again of this fruit of the vine until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father's kingdom . Chapter 5 Drinking Wine 5.1 Abstinence 5.2 Wine and Celebration 5.3 Wine in the religious context 5.4 Drunkenness 5.5 Drunkenness and figurative language 5.5.1 Wine, metaphor for love 5.5.2 Mental conditions related to effects of alcohol 5.5.3 Drunkenness and destruction DRUNKENESS Chapter 5.4Drunkenness In a very few contexts drunkenness has a positive connotation but for the most part it is seen as very negative. A number of passages clearly show the negative consequences of too much drink: losing control of ones self, vomiting, coma, etc. Proverbs 23:29-35 and others. In several contexts, getting drunk or drinking wine is associated with the practice of injustice. Isaiah 5:11-12, 22-23, Amos 2:8. Get drunk: shakar Gen. 9:21 (Noah) drank wine and became drunk and lay uncovered in his tent

Gen. 43:34 Portions were taken to them from Joseph's table, but Benjamin's portion was five times as much as any of theirs. And they drank and were merry with him (GNT until they were drunk).

ESV softens the tone of the verb chakar in this verse: And they drank and were merry. The heart is merry with wine 2 Sam 13:28 Mark when Amnon's heart is merry with wine, and when I say to you, Strike Amnon, then kill him. Ruth 3:7 And when Boaz had eaten and drunk, and his heart was merry, he went to lie down at the end of the heap of grain. Then she came softly and uncovered his feet and lay down.Consequences of Drunkenness: Prov 23:29-35 29 Who has woe? Who has sorrow? Who has strife? Who has complaining? Who has wounds without cause? Who has redness of eyes? 30 Those who tarry long over wine ( ); those who go to try mixed wine ( ); . 31 Do not look at wine ( ) when it is red, when it sparkles in the cup ( ) and goes down smoothly. 32 In the end it bites like a serpent and stings like an adder. 33 Your eyes will see strange things, and your heart utter perverse things. 34 You will be like one who lies down in the midst of the sea, like one who lies on the top of a mast. 35 They struck me, you will say,but I was not hurt; they beat me, but I did not feel it. When shall I awake? I must have another drink. Drunkard, drunk shikor

shikor 13x : drunkard, drunk Eli the priest thought that Hannah was drunk. 1 Sam 1:13 Ben Hadad, the king of Syria lost a battle against Israel because he and his men were drunk when they tried to fight. 1 Kings 20:16 Godless mirth: Isaiah 5:11-12 11 Woe to those who rise early in the morning, that they may run after strong drink ( ), who tarry late into the evening as wine inflames them ( )! 12 They have lyre and harp, tambourine and flute and wine ( ) at their feasts ( ), but they do not regard the deeds of the LORD, or see the work of his hands. Drunkenness and injustice: Isaiah 5:22-23 22 Woe to those who are heroes at drinking,

and valiant men in mixing strong drinks,

23 who acquit the guilty for a bribe, and deprive the innocent of his right! The drunkard and his mouth Psalm 69:12 I am the talk of those who sit in the gate, and the drunkards ( ) make songs about me. Judges 9:27 And they went out into the field and gathered the grapes from their vineyards,

and trod them ( ) and held a festival; and went into the house of their god, and ate and drank and reviled Abimelech.

Chapter 5 Drinking Wine 5.1 Abstinence 5.2 Wine and Celebration 5.3 Wine in the religious context 5.4 Drunkenness 5.5 Drunkenness and figurative language 5.5.1 Wine, metaphor for love 5.5.2 Mental conditions related to effects of alcohol 5.5.3 Drunkenness and destruction DRUNKENNESS AND FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE Chapter 5.5WINE, METAPHOR FOR LOVE IN THE SONG OF SONGS Chapter 5.5.1Love and wine The Song of Songs is full of imagery of the grapevine and its products: The caresses of the lover are better than wine. One is drunk with the effect of being caressed. 1:2,4; 5:1 Drinking mixed wine and entering the House of Wine named Love is a way of speaking of making love. 2:4-5 The erotic parts of the body are compared to a cup of wine (navel), a cluster of grapes (breasts), and the best wine (mouth). 7:3, 9-10Sng 1:2, 4 Better than wine 2 Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth! For your love is better than wine.

4 Draw me after you; let us run. The king has brought me into his chambers... we will extol your love more than wine ( ) Which aspect of wine is compared to the passion of love? How are caresses better than wine? Sng 5:1 The drunkeness of caresses 1 I came to my garden, my sister, my bride, I gathered my myrrh with my spice, I ate my honeycomb with my honey, I drank my wine with my milk... Eat, friends, drink, and be drunk with love! What is the meaning of this last line?Sng 2:4-5 Like the joy of drinking 4 He brought me to the banqueting house, and his banner over me was love. 5 Sustain me with raisins (raisin cakes);
refresh me with apples, for I am sick with love.

Literally: the wine house A place for drinking wine and feasting REB wine-gardenSng 7:2, 8-9 Your body is sweet like grapes and wine 2 Your navel is a rounded bowl that never lacks mixed wine . Your belly is a heap of wheat, encircled with lilies. 8 I say I will climb the palm tree and lay hold of its fruit. Oh may your breasts be like clusters of the vine ,

and the scent of your breath like apples, 9 and your mouth like the best wine. It goes down smoothly for my beloved, gliding over lips and teeth. MENTAL CONDITIONS AND THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL Chapter 5.5.2Under the influence of alcohol Several effects of alcohol are used to represent a persons state of mind. stagger, sway: Psalm 107:27 wander, to nowhere in particular: Job 12:24-25 blind: Isaiah 29:9-10 excitement: Psalm 78:65 depression, disease: Jeremiah 23:9-10 Psalm 107:23-28: In a ship carried away by a storm 23 Some went down to the sea in ships... 24 they saw the deeds of the LORD , his wondrous works in the deep. 25 For he commanded and raised the stormy wind, which lifted up the waves of the sea. 26 They mounted up to heaven; they went down to the depths; their courage melted away in their evil plight; 27 they reeled and staggered like drunken men and were at their wits' end,

The movements of a ship carried away by a storm in the high sea is like that of a drunkard. Job 12:25 God confuses the Leaders 24 He takes away understanding from the chiefs of the people of the earth and makes them wander in a trackless waste. 25 They grope in the dark without light, and he makes them stagger like a drunken man.

See also: Isaiah 19:13-14 concerning the leaders of Egypt. Isaiah 29:9-10: God blinds the prophets 9 Astonish yourselves and be astonished; blind yourselves and be blind! Be drunk ( ), but not with wine wine ( ); Stagger, but not with strong drink( )! 10 For the LORD has poured out upon you a spirit of deep sleep, and has closed your eyes (the prophets), and covered your heads (the seers). Jer 23:9-10 : I am like a drunken man, like a man overcome by wine, 9 My heart is broken within me; all my bones shake; I am like a drunken man , Like a man overcome by wine , because of the LORD and because of his holy words. 10 For the land is full of adulterers; because of the curse the land mourns, and the pastures of the wilderness are dried up. Their course is evil, and their might is not right. Psalm 78:65-66: How would a drunken brave warrior awake? 65 Then the Lord awoke as from sleep, like a strong man (brave warrior) shouting because of wine.

66 And he put his adversaries to rout; he put them to everlasting shame. What does this mean? Study several translations and interpretations of this verse. DRUNKENNESS AND DESTRUCTION Chapter 5.5.3Drunkenness and destruction In the Bible, drunkenness is very closely associated to the destruction and devastation of a people and their country. Gods fury and judgment is expressed through images of drunkenness. The cup of the LORD that the people are forced to drink represents this terrible judgment. The wicked drink of the Lord's cup Psalm 75:8 8 For in the hand of the LORD there is a cup

with foaming wine, well mixed,

and he pours out from it, and all the wicked of the earth shall drain it down to the dregs. The nations drink the cup of the Lord: Jeremiah 25:15-17, 27-28 15 Thus the LORD, the God of Israel, said to me: Take from my hand this cup of the wine of wrath,

and make all the nations to whom I send you drink it. 16 They shall drink and stagger and be crazed because of the sword that I am sending among them. 17 So I took the cup from the LORD's hand, and made all the nations to whom the LORD sent me drink it: 27 Then you shall say to them, Thus says the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel: Drink, be drunk and vomit , fall and rise no more, because of the sword that I am sending among you. 28 And if they refuse to accept the cup from your hand to drink, then you shall say to them, Thus says the LORD of hosts: You must drink!The cup of destuction for enemy nations and for Israel Against Moab: Jeremiah 48:26 (Read the chapter) Against Edom: Obadiah, Jeremiah 49:12 (Read vs.7-22) Against Babylon: Jeremiah 51:7-8 (Read the chapter) Against Samaria: Isaiah 28:1, 7-8 (Read vs. 1-13) Against Judah: Ezekiel 23:31-34 (Read the chapter) Against the kings of Judah: Jeremiah 13:12-14, Making people drink = Doing evil to others Habakkuk 2:15-16 15 Woe to him who makes his neighbors drink ,

you pour out your wrath and make them drunk, ( ), in order to gaze at their nakedness! 16 You will have your fill of shame instead of glory. Drink, yourself, and show your uncircumcision! The cup in the LORD's right hand will come around to you:

and utter shame will come upon your glory! The Lord's enemies will be drunk from drinking their own blood: Isaiah 49:26 26 I will make your oppressors eat their own flesh, and they shall be drunk ( ) with their own blood as with wine ( ). Then all flesh shall know that I am the LORD your Savior, and your Redeemer, the Mighty One of Jacob.Restoration after having drank of the Lord's cup: Isaiah 51:17 17 Wake yourself, wake yourself, stand up, O Jerusalem, you who have drunk from the hand of the LORD the cup of his wrath ,

who have drunk to the dregs the bowl, the cup of staggering. Restoration: Isaiah 51:21-23 21 Therefore hear this, you who are afflicted, who are drunk, but not with wine: : 22 Thus says your Lord, the LORD, your God who pleads the cause of his people: Behold, I have taken from your hand the cup of staggering; the bowl of my wrath you shall drink no more; 23 and I will put it into the hand of your tormentors, who have said to you, Bow down, that we may pass over; and you have made your back like the ground and like the street for them to pass over. Translating wine How can this drink be translated? We have clearly seen that wine is an alcoholic drink. The idea of an alcoholic drink will not be a translation problem in the passages that focus on abstinence and drunkeness. Translating wine But when wine is presented in a context of celebration, including Jesus attitude towards wine, some Christians will find it difficult to accept the fact that wine is an alcoholic beverage. The problem now arises as to whether two different terms should be used to refer to wine depending on the context, or the same term should be used irrespective of contexts? Passages for Translation Think over this question while translating the following passages: Medicinal effects: 1 Tim 5:23; Lk 10:34 Abstinence: Num 6:2-4; Jg 13:4; Amos 2:10-13; Lev 10:9; Ez 44:21 Feasting: Ps 104:14-15; Is 24:7-12, 25:6-8; 62:8-9 The Temple: Num 18:27; Ex 29:40; Num 15:5,7, 10; Joel 1:9-13 Jesus and wine : Mat 11:18-19, Jn 2:1-11, Mat 26:27-29Passages to be Translated: Drunkenness Drunkenness: Gen 9:21, 43:34; Prov 23:29-35; 1 Sam 1:13; 1 Kings 20:16 Drunkenness and bad conduct: Isa 5:11-12, 22-23; Amos 6:4-6; Psa 69:13 Drunkenness and love: Sng 1:2, 4, 2:4-5, 7:3, 9-10 Effects of alcohol: Psa 107:23-28; Job 12:25; Isa 29:9-10; Jer 23:9-10; Psa 78:65-66 Drunkenness and destruction: Psa 75:9; Jer 25:15- 17, 27-28, 48:26, 51:7-8, 14, 39; Isa 28:1, 7-8; Eze 23:31-34; Jer 13:12-14; Hab 2:15-16; Isa 49:26, 51:21-23

Extracted text from AGK_Green_2_Vine_6-vs3d.pptx:

The grapevine chapter 6 Conclusion and Bibliography A WordShare Product* By A.G. KompaorTable of Contents for the Series Chapter 1 (PPT 1) Introduction Chapter 2 (PPT 2) Planting and growing the vine Chapter 3 (PPT 3) Harvest and winepress Chapter 4 (PPT 4) The fruit of the vine Chapter 5 (PPT5) Drinking wine Chapter 6 (PPT 6) Conclusion and BibliographyHow the Bible talks about the grapevine The Bible provides a lot of information about the grapevine. Through the Bible, we learn about:

The grapevine in the life of Israel and
Positive and negative connotations concerning the grapevine, through the use of figurative languageWe learn about the vine in the life of Israel: The hard work of planting and cultivating the vine (Isaiah 5:1-2) The vine giving joy of the harvest and providing a major source of wealth (Deut 7:13) The obligation to pay a tithe of wine to the Lord (Num 15; 18:27) The joy of drinking wine at celebrations. (Ps 104: 14-15, Is 62:8-9) The distress of destruction of the vine through drought, insects, and war. Isaiah 24:7-12 Images of the grapevine and its products in the Bible can have either positive or negative connotations Positive images Its wood serves in making royal staffs (Ezek 19:11) Fruitful abundance (Ps 128:3) The joy of harvest The joy of celebration (Ps 104:14-15) A sign of safety and peace (1Kgs 5:5) Wine and love (Song of Songs) Image of Gods goodness God pulls up the vine from Egypt = delivrance of Israel Ps. 80) 80) God plants the vine in Canaan and takes care of it = protection, prosperity of Israel (Psa. 80)

Abundant harvest = Israel is prosperous (Hosea 10:1) God will give a great banquet of food and wine in the end times = eternal joy for all peoples (Isaiah 62:8-9) Negative images of the the vine and its products The vine which produces bad fruit: Isaiah 5:2, Deut. 32:32 Its wood is good for nothing but burning: Ezk 15 Its winepress is full - of evil: Joel 3:13 Wine becomes poison: Deut 32: 33 Wine makes people blind and deaf to their evil ways: Isaiah 5:11 Deut. 32:32-33 32 For their vine comes from the vine of Sodom and from the fields of Gomorrah; their grapes are grapes of poison; their clusters are bitter; 33 their wine , is the poison of serpents and the cruel venom of aspsImages of the fury and judgment of God Destruction of the vine = destruction of Israel (Isaiah 5:5, 7:23, Jer 5:17, etc.) Harvesting and gleaning grapes = capture, kill, and loot (Judges 8:2-3, Jer. 6:9, 49:9, Obadiah 5) Crush grapes in the winepress = stomp and crush enemies (Isaiah 63:1-6) Drunkenness = overcome by Gods judgment Isaiah 28:7-8; 29:9-10; 49:26 Jeremiah 13:12-13 The cup of fury of the Lord. Isaiah 51:17-22; Jeremiah 25:15-29; 51:7,39 (Babylon); Ezekiel 23:31-34Terms to translate By now you will have some ideas about how to translate the terms relating to the grapevine and its products. Make a list of these terms and decide on a translation for each term. Summary of terms to translate Grapevine Branches, Spreading, climbing Flower, budding Pruning hook Vineyard Hillside Watchtower Vine dresser Grapes Unripe, ripe, rotten, dried raisin cakes Cluster of grapes Harvesting grapes Gleaning grapes Winepress Treading, stomping grapes vat Wine New wine, flavored, mixed, old Libation/drink offering Get drunk Alcoholic drink Containers, vessels Cup Wineskin (Clay) jar Differing contexts may call for varied translation solutions such as the following: Make explicit the meaning rather than keeping the image (for example Judges 8:2-3, Psalm 80:8-20) Look for a generic term to replace words for the grapevine (plant/tree), grape (fruit), or wine (alcoholic drink). For example Psalm 128:3, Ezekiel 18:2. Replace certain details to make the intended meaning more understandable (product of the winepress > new wine). For example, Num. 18:27, Deut. 15:14, etc. Make explicit certain implicit information in order to make it more clear (tread grapes > stomp on grapes to extract its juice) .However often it is best to retain the image of the vine and its products, especially when the image is particularly complex, such as in Isaiah 5:1-5. It is important that the translation allow for the best comprehension possible of the different aspects of the vine and the figurative meanings associated with it. Sometimes it will be necessary to make explicit the points of comparison between the image and the meaning represented by the image. Glossary If the grapevine, grapes, and wine are not part of your culture, it would be good to include these terms in the glossary of your Bible. With the knowledge which you have acquired through these presentations, take some time to write a little summary as a draft for a glossary entry. Information to include in a glossary entry Short description of the vine and its fruit Importance of the products of the grapevine in Israel. A short survey of the most important figurative usage, for example: vine = Israel in the OT, Jesus = vine in the NT, the believers are the branches, blood of Jesus = wine of the Holy Communion The book of Joel and the vine Since the book of Joel talks of the destruction of agricultural products through drought and the infestation of insects, there are many references to the vine and wine in this book. Wine : 1:5 ; 4:18 (assiss); 1:10 ; 2:19, 24 (tirosh); 4:3 (yayin) Winepress (vat): 2:24 (yekev) Grapevine: 1:7, 12; 2:22 (gefen) Libation: 1:9, 13; 2:14 (nesek)Devastation: Joel 1 : 5 5 Awake, you drunkards, ( ), and weep, and wail (

), all you drinkers of wine, because of the sweet wine,( )for it is cut off from your mouth. assiss ESV, NET, NRS: sweet wine NIV, GNT: new wine In this context assiss refers to wine that was recently producedJoel 1:6-7 6 For a nation has come up against my land, powerful and beyond number; its teeth are lions' teeth, and it has the fangs of a lioness. 7 It has laid waste my vine ( ); and splintered my fig tree; it has stripped off their bark and thrown it down; their branches ( ) are made white. Joel 1:9-12 9 The grain offering and the drink offering ( ) are cut off from the house of the LORD. The priests mourn, the ministers of the LORD. 10 The fields are destroyed, the ground mourns, because the grain is destroyed, the wine dries up, ( ) the oil languishes. 11 Be ashamed, O tillers of the soil; wail, O vinedressers ( ), for the wheat and the barley, because the harvest of the field has perished. 12 The vine ( ) dries up; the fig tree languishes. Pomegranate, palm, and apple, all the trees of the field are dried up, and gladness dries up from the children of man.Judgment on the nations Joel 4:13 Put in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe. Go in, tread, for the winepress ( ) is full. The vats ( ) overflow, for their evil is great. Restoration: Joel 3:18 18 And in that day ( ) the mountains shall drip sweet wine, (new wine NIV) and the hills shall flow with milk, and all the streambeds of Judah shall flow with water; and a fountain shall come forth from the house of the LORD and water the Valley of Shittim.In Amos 9:13-15, Israel is restored 13 Behold, the days are coming, declares the LORD, when the plowman shall overtake the reaper and the treader of grapes him who sows the seed; the mountains shall drip sweet wine , and all the hills shall flow with it. 14 I will restore the fortunes of my people Israel, and they shall rebuild the ruined cities and inhabit them; they shall plant vineyards and drink their wine , and they shall make gardens and eat their fruit. 15 I will plant them on their land, and they shall never again be uprooted out of the land that I have given them, says the LORD, your God. Bibliography Akpunonu, Peter Damian. 2004. The Vine, Israel and the Church. New York: Peter Lang. Blenkinsopp, J. 1974-2008. Isaiah 1-39: A new translation with introduction and commentary, Anchor Bible Commentary. New Haven: Yale University Press. Bratcher, Robert G. et William D. Reyburn. 1991. A Handbook on The Book of Psalms. New York: United Bible Societies. Borowski, Oded. 2002. Agriculture in Iron Age Israel. Boston : American Schools of Oriental Research. Carroll, Robert P. 1999. YHWHs Sour Grapes: Images of Food and Drink in the Prophetic Discourses of the Hebrew in Semeia 86 Food and Drink in the Biblical Worlds, Society of Biblical Literature. DeBlois, Kees et Louis Dorn. A Handbook on the The Book of Joel. United Bible Societies. Matthews, Victor H. 1999. Treading the Winepress: Actual and Metaphorical Viticulture in the Ancient Near East in Semeia 86 Food and Drink in the Biblical Worlds, Society of Biblical Literature Matthews, V. H., Chavalas, M. W., & Walton, J. H. 2000. The IVP Bible background commentary : Old Testament (electronic ed.) Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.Bibliography (continued) Newman, Barclay N. et Philip C. Stine. 2003. A Handbook on Jeremiah. New York: United Bible Societies. Ogden, Graham S. et Lynell Zogbo. 1998. A Handbook on Song of Songs. New York: United Bible Societies. Omanson, Roger L. et John E.Ellington. 2008. A Handbook on 1-2 Kings. New York: United Bible Societies. Reiling, J. et J.L. Swellengrebel. 1977. Manuel de traducteur pour lvangile de Luc. Alliance Biblique Universelle. Reyburn, William D. 1992. A Handbook on The Book of Job. New York: United Bible Societies. Reyburn, William D. et al. 2005. La Gense Manuel du Traducteur: Commentaire linguistique et exgtique de la Bible. Alliance Biblique Universelle. Wallace, Howard N. 2004. Harvesting the Vineyard: The Development of Vineyard Imagery in the Hebrew Bible in : Seeing Signals, Reading Signs. JSOT Supplement Series 415. London: T & T Clark. Walsh, Carey Ellen. 2000. The Fruit of the Vine: Viticulture in Ancient Israel. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. Wilkinson, J.G. 2009. A popular account of the ancient Egyptians, Volume 1. Bellingham, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc. Abbreviations of Bible sources BFC Bible en Franais Courant CEV Common English Version ESV English Standard Version GNT Good News Bible LS 1910 Louis Segond 1910 LS21 Louis Segond 21 NBS Nouvelle Bible Segond NBJ Bible de Jrusalem NET New English Translation PDV Parole de Vie SEM Bible dtude Semeur TOB Traduction cumnique de la Bible

The Story of the Grapevine - according to the Bible

Attachments

0 comments